{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T05:51:16Z","timestamp":1793857876248,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003787","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E2024208054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E2024208054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003787","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005064","name":"Hebei Province Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["242Q4402Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242Q4402Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52002111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52002111"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T23:20:58Z","timestamp":1779319258000},"page":"140780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Steric-hindrance engineering-induced formation of closed pores enhances sodium storage capacity in starch-derived hard carbon"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"722","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxu","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxin","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaojin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qujiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiujun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6697","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq3799","article-title":"Energy transition needs new materials","volume":"384","author":"Mirkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8084","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09565-z","article-title":"Tailoring polymer electrolyte solvation for 600 Wh kg\u22121 lithium batteries","volume":"646","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14627","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c02665","article-title":"Bridging structure and performance: decoding sodium storage in hard carbon anodes","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202312471","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202312471","article-title":"Metal-organic framework-based materials for advanced sodium storage: development and anticipation","volume":"36","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137474","article-title":"Machine learning predicting the effects microstructures of biomass hard carbon have on the electrochemical performance of SIBs anodes","volume":"692","author":"Bu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022232534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2022.232534","article-title":"Sustainable and scalable fabrication of high-performance hard carbon anode for Na-ion battery","volume":"557","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14829","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c18421","article-title":"C60 to modulate the closed pore structures of hard carbon for high-performance sodium-ion batteries","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EE00104H","article-title":"Pushing slope- to plateau-type behavior in hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries via local structure rearrangement","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2025.120065","article-title":"FeS\/C 3D nanostructures constructed by carbothermal reduction of lignin to restrain polysulfides shuttle effect towards high-performance sodium-ion batteries","volume":"146","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024120670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2024.120670","article-title":"SnS\/C nanostructures endowed by low-temperature in-situ carbothermal reduction of sustainable lignin for stable lithium- and sodium-ion storage","volume":"300","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202403642","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202403642","article-title":"Rationally regulating closed pore structures by pitch coating to boost sodium storage performance of hard carbon in low-voltage platforms","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0060","first-page":"24058297","article-title":"Innovative synthesis and sodium storage enhancement of closed-pore hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57999-w","article-title":"Isolated iridium oxide sites on modified carbon nitride for photoreforming of plastic derivatives","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202420251","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202420251","article-title":"Molecular stitching in polysaccharide precursor for fabricating hard carbon with ultra-high plateau capacity of sodium storage","volume":"37","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025166398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.166398","article-title":"Pre-carbonization facilitates closed pore formation in asphalt-derived hard carbon for high-plateau-capacity sodium storage","volume":"520","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026120872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2026.120872","article-title":"Numerical study of multi-nozzle inlet structure optimization for immersion cooling systems of large-scale lithium-ion battery pack","volume":"153","author":"Shan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202200715","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202200715","article-title":"Understanding of sodium storage mechanism in hard carbons: ongoing development under debate","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202508635","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202508635","article-title":"Resolving the Sodiation process in hard carbon anodes with nanostructure specific X-ray imaging","volume":"12","author":"Olsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0095","first-page":"202507844","article-title":"Multifunctional bamboo based materials empowered by multiscale hierarchical structures-a critical review","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0100","first-page":"2025168238","article-title":"Crosslinking-engineered lignin-derived hard carbons for high-performance sodium-ion storage","volume":"523","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140026","article-title":"Hard carbon with tailored microstructure via thermal regulation for high-efficiency sodium-ion batteries","volume":"710","author":"Mao","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0110","first-page":"202403142","article-title":"Unveiling the critical role of pre-hydrothermal effect in plant biowaste-derived hard carbon for superior rate capability and cycle life in sodium-ion batteries","volume":"15","author":"Ishaq","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202504574","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202504574","article-title":"Hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries: from fundamental research to practical applications","volume":"37","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.01.220","article-title":"Deep oxygen-crosslinking and self-coating synergetic engineering on pitch-based hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries","volume":"686","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0125","first-page":"202412989","article-title":"Cell-shearing chemistry directed closed-pore regeneration in biomass-derived hard carbons for ultrafast sodium storage","volume":"37","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2023.122469","article-title":"Dual MOF-derived Fe\/N\/P-tridoped carbon nanotube as high-performance oxygen reduction catalysts for zinc-air batteries","volume":"327","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2024.02.044","article-title":"Tuning interface mechanism of FeCo alloy embedded N,S-codoped carbon substrate for rechargeable Zn-air battery","volume":"93","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20954956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jechem.2022.04.017","article-title":"Rational construction and decoration of Li5Cr7Ti6O25@C nanofibers as stable lithium storage materials","volume":"71","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Energy Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.154081","article-title":"Sub-minute carbonization of polymer\/carbon nanotube films by microwave induction heating for ultrafast preparation of hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries","volume":"496","author":"Ryoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0150","first-page":"24058297","article-title":"Towards enhanced sodium storage of hard carbon anodes: regulating the oxygen content in precursor by low-temperature hydrogen reduction","volume":"51","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0155","article-title":"Orbital rehybridization enabling abundant pentagonal\u2013heptagonal rings in hard carbon for optimal sodium-ion batteries","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.09.191","article-title":"Crosslinking modification of starch improves the structural stability of hard carbon anodes for high-capacity sodium storage","volume":"678","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202421976","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202421976","article-title":"Elucidating sodium ion storage mechanisms in hard carbon anodes at the electronic level","volume":"35","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1063\/1.467387","article-title":"Small angle neutron scattering near Lifshitz lines: transition from weakly structured mixtures to microemulsions","volume":"101","author":"Schubert","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202501434","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202501434","article-title":"Insight into the role of closed-pore size on rate capability of hard carbon for fast-charging sodium-ion batteries","volume":"37","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220054","DOI":"10.1002\/bte2.20220054","article-title":"Hard carbon anodes derived from phenolic resin\/sucrose cross-linking network for high-performance sodium-ion batteries","volume":"2","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Batter. Energy"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202200886","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202200886","article-title":"An overall understanding of sodium storage Behaviors in hard carbons by an \u201cadsorption-intercalation\/filling\u201d hybrid mechanism","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202302613","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202302613","article-title":"Achieving all-plateau and high-capacity sodium insertion in topological graphitized carbon","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202203725","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202203725","article-title":"Altering thermal transformation pathway to create closed pores in coal-derived hard carbon and boosting of Na+ plateau storage for high-performance sodium-ion battery and sodium-ion capacitor","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0200","first-page":"24058297","article-title":"Closed pore engineering of activated carbon enabled by waste mask for superior sodium storage","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0205","first-page":"202504760","article-title":"Tuning hard carbon pores at the \u00c5ngstrom scale facilitates sodium-ion pre-Desolvation in high-performance sodium-ion batteries","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202406889","article-title":"Industrial-scale hard carbon designed to regulate electrochemical polarization for fast sodium storage","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0215","article-title":"Review: insights on hard carbon materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs): synthesis-properties-performance relationships","volume":"14","author":"Ghimbeu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24119354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2024.119354","article-title":"Overview of hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries: influencing factors and strategies to extend slope and plateau regions","volume":"228","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EE00315B","article-title":"Design guidelines for a high-performance hard carbon anode in sodium ion batteries","volume":"17","author":"Hyun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202507313","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202507313","article-title":"Precise decoupling of biomass components to engineer hard carbon microcrystalline architecture for enhanced sodium-ion storage performance","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202501042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2025.01.042","article-title":"Dual-stage carbonization strategy for synthesizing biomass derived hard carbon with enhanced sodium-ion storage performances","volume":"148","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202500295","DOI":"10.1002\/batt.202500295","article-title":"Correlating the sodium storage mechanism and enhancing the initial coulombic efficiency of biomass-derived hard carbon in sodium-ion batteries","volume":"8","author":"Samanta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Batteries Supercaps"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2025.137701","article-title":"Regulating the structure of hard carbon derived from industrial waste to boost sodium storage performance","volume":"695","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2024.08.051","article-title":"Enhancing the sodium storage performance of hard carbon by constructing thin carbon coatings via esterification reactions","volume":"677","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202401763","article-title":"Nanoconfined strategy optimizing hard carbon for robust sodium storage","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202013951","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202013951","article-title":"MgO-template synthesis of extremely high capacity hard carbon for Na-ion battery","volume":"60","author":"Kamiyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202302647","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202302647","article-title":"New template synthesis of anomalously large capacity hard carbon for Na- and K-ion batteries","volume":"13","author":"Igarashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0270","first-page":"202504853","article-title":"A stage-wise plateau-Sodiation mechanism enabled by Ultramicropores in the hard carbon anode for sodium storage","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0275","first-page":"24058297","article-title":"Research progress on hard carbon materials in advanced sodium-ion batteries","volume":"69","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Storage Mater."},{"issue":"44","key":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38735","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5c14641","article-title":"Unlocking interlayer confinement enables all-slope hard carbon with ultrafast and highly reversible sodium storage","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"}],"container-title":["Journal of Colloid and Interface Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021979726009574?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021979726009574?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T13:10:39Z","timestamp":1789218639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021979726009574"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0021979726009574"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Steric-hindrance engineering-induced formation of closed pores enhances sodium storage capacity in starch-derived hard carbon","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Colloid and Interface Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcis.2026.140780","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"140780"}}