{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:34:56Z","timestamp":1786991696361,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["canadianjournalofophthalmology.ca","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,8]],"date-time":"2014-02-08T01:13:59Z","timestamp":1391822039000},"page":"66-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Resistance of ocular flora to gatifloxacin in patients undergoing intravitreal injections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Dorrepaal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherif","family":"El-Defrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.19","article-title":"Rapid expansion of intravitreal drug injection procedures, 2000 to 2008: a population-based analysis","volume":"128","author":"Campbell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31821504f2","article-title":"Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection: prevention and management","volume":"31","author":"Wykoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.03.047","article-title":"Intraocular pharmacokinetics of ranibizumab following a single intravitreal injection in humans","volume":"154","author":"Krohne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200410000-00002","article-title":"Risks of intravitreous injection: a comprehensive review","volume":"24","author":"Jager","year":"2004","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.03.017","article-title":"Ophthalmic antibiotic use and multidrug-resistant staphylococcus epidermidis: a controlled, longitudinal study","volume":"118","author":"Dave","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.12.014","article-title":"Ophthalmic antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance a randomized, controlled study of patients undergoing intravitreal injections","volume":"118","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.03.034","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of conjunctiva and nasopharynx evaluation study: a prospective study of patients undergoing intravitreal injections","volume":"117","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.01.016","article-title":"Changes in antibiotic resistance patterns of conjunctival flora due to repeated use of topical antibiotics after intravitreal injection","volume":"119","author":"Milder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.06.025","article-title":"An ophthalmologist\u2019s guide to understanding antibiotic susceptibility and minimum inhibitory concentration data","volume":"112","author":"Kowalski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31820a67e4","article-title":"Meta-analysis of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents: causative organisms and possible prevention strategies","volume":"31","author":"McCannel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181cd47ed","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of endophthalmitis after an injection of intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"30","author":"Mezad-Koursh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"1225","key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib12","first-page":".e1","article-title":"Endophthalmitis after anti-VEGF injections","volume":"116","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31821067c4","article-title":"Endophthalmitis after intravitreal growth factor antagonists: a six-year experience at a university referral centre","volume":"31","author":"Moshfeghi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181ef463d","article-title":"Incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor medications using topical gel anesthesia","volume":"31","author":"Inman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31819d2591","article-title":"Infectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic agents","volume":"29","author":"Diago","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib16","first-page":"75","article-title":"Rate of endophthalmitis after anti-VEGF intravitreal injection","author":"Moshfeghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina Today."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.04.011","article-title":"The risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreal triamcinolone injection in the DRCRnet and SCORE clinical trials","volume":"144","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1517\/14656560903081752","article-title":"Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injections","volume":"10","author":"Schwartz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.12.036","article-title":"Endophthalmitis associated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy injections in an office setting","volume":"145","author":"Pilli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054481","article-title":"Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"355","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa062655","article-title":"Ranibizumab vs verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"355","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.10.052","article-title":"Ranibizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a phase I\/II multicenter, controlled, multidose study","volume":"113","author":"Heier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.11.1532","article-title":"Ranibizumab combined with verteporfin photodynamic therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: year 1 results of the FOCUS Study","volume":"124","author":"Heier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181884fd2","article-title":"Incidence of endophthalmitis related to intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and ranibizumab","volume":"28","author":"Fintak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181633fee","article-title":"Incidence of acute onset endophthalmitis following intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) injection","volume":"28","author":"Mason","year":"2008","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3180307271","article-title":"Reducing the risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreal injections","volume":"27","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1007\/s00347-007-1634-6","article-title":"Incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal Avastin injection with and without postoperative topical antibiotic application","volume":"104","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmologe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.125.7.974","article-title":"The role of topical antibiotic prophylaxis for intravitreal injections","volume":"125","author":"Scott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.08.039","article-title":"Survey of intravitreal injection techniques among retinal specialists in the United States","volume":"151","author":"Green-Simms","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib30","unstructured":"Jumper JM, Mittra RA, eds. ASRS 2011 Preferences and Trends Membership Survey. Chicago, Ill.: American Society of Retina Specialists; 2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib31","unstructured":"Stone TW, Mittra RA, eds. ASRS 2013 Preferences and Trends Membership Survey. Chicago, Ill.: American Society of Retina Specialists; 2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib32","article-title":"Survey of intravitreal injection techniques and treatment protocols among retina specialists in Canada","author":"Xing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forthcoming"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-010-1426-6","article-title":"Shifting trends in in vitro antibiotic susceptibilities for common bacterial conjunctival isolates in the last decade at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary","volume":"249","author":"Adebayo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.02.014","article-title":"Incidence of endophthalmitis and use of antibiotic prophylaxis after intravitreal injections","volume":"119","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.02.024","article-title":"A prospective randomized evaluation of topical gatifloxacin on conjunctival flora in patients undergoing intravitreal injections","volume":"116","author":"Moss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318182259b","article-title":"The resistance patterns of normal ocular bacterial flora to 4 fluoroquinolone antibiotics","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.10.007","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility of preoperative normal conjunctival bacteria","volume":"139","author":"Kaspar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.064","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility of conjunctival bacterial isolates from refractive surgery patients","volume":"116","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.03.007","article-title":"Surveillance of the susceptibility of ocular bacterial pathogens to the fluoroquinolone gatifloxacin and other antimicrobials in Europe during 2001\/2002","volume":"49","author":"Morrissey","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2005.07.001","article-title":"Ocular pharmacokinetics of moxifloxacin after topical treatment of animals and humans","volume":"50","author":"Robertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200602000-00012","article-title":"Vitreous penetration of topical moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin in humans","volume":"26","author":"Costello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010239","article-title":"Emerging mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance","volume":"7","author":"Hooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.4.479","article-title":"In vitro fluoroquinolone resistance in staphylococcal endophthalmitis isolates","volume":"124","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(82)90081-9","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of topically applied ophthalmic drugs","volume":"26","author":"Shell","year":"1982","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib45","first-page":"39S","article-title":"Streptococcus pneumoniae and community-acquired pneumonia: a cause of concern","volume":"117","author":"File","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(00)00316-2","article-title":"Nosocomial pneumonia: importance of recognition of aetiological agents to define an appropriate initial empirical therapy","volume":"17","author":"Costa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008418213004110?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008418213004110?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T20:02:49Z","timestamp":1757793769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0008418213004110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0008418213004110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Resistance of ocular flora to gatifloxacin in patients undergoing intravitreal injections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2013.09.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Canadian Ophthalmological Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}