{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:56:20Z","timestamp":1787313380651,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["canadianjournalofophthalmology.ca","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,21]],"date-time":"2020-10-21T09:07:43Z","timestamp":1603271263000},"page":"158-165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Visual impairment and the prevalence of ocular pathology in homeless children and adults globally: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8045-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman P.","family":"Sayal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3260-344X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Slomovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4966-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nishaant (Shaan)","family":"Bhambra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko M.","family":"Popovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myrna","family":"Lichter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0001","unstructured":"Homelessness, Health, and Human Needs: Summary and Recommendations (1988). Consensus Study Report. www.nap.edu\/catalog\/18877\/homelessness-health-and-human-needs-summary-and-recommendations. (accessed June 11, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0002","unstructured":"Kothari M. Economic, social and cultural rights: report of the special rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living. 2005."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0003","unstructured":"The State of Homelessness in Canada 2016. The Homeless Hub. n.d. www.homelesshub.ca\/SOHC2016 (accessed June 11, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0004","unstructured":"AHAR Reports - HUD Exchange. n.d. www.hudexchange.info\/homelessness-assistance\/ahar\/#2019-reports (accessed June 11, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0005","unstructured":"Serme-Morin C. The state of emergency shelters in Europe. n.d.:18."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0006","unstructured":"The Social Determinants of Health: Homelessness and Unemployment. America's Essential Hospitals. n.d. https:\/\/essentialhospitals.org\/quality\/the-social-determinants-of-health-homelessness-and-unemployment\/ (accessed June 11, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0007","unstructured":"What are the social determinants of health? Canadian Public Health Association. n.d. www.cpha.ca\/what-are-social-determinants-health (accessed June 13, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0008","unstructured":"Canada PHA social determinants of health and health inequalities. AEM 2001. www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/health-promotion\/population-health\/what-determines-health.html (accessed June 13, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0009","unstructured":"WHO. About social determinants of health. n.d. www.who.int\/social_determinants\/sdh_definition\/en\/ (accessed June 13, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121535","article-title":"Tackling health disparities for people who are homeless? Start with social determinants","volume":"14","author":"Stafford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0011","first-page":"229","article-title":"Homelessness and health","volume":"164","author":"Hwang","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1159\/000088376","article-title":"Is homelessness a risk factor for eye disease? Results of a German screening study","volume":"219","author":"Pitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.6113","article-title":"Visual impairment and unmet eye care needs among homeless adults in a canadian city","volume":"133","author":"Noel","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1991.01080050051027","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and visual impairment among urban Americans","volume":"109","author":"Tielsch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","article-title":"Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement","volume":"65","author":"Hoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702257","article-title":"The prevalence of low vision and blindness in a Canadian inner city","volume":"21","author":"Maberley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3129\/i08-167","article-title":"Correctable visual impairment and its impact on quality of life in a marginalized Canadian neighbourhood","volume":"44","author":"Hollands","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2016.03.010","article-title":"Unmet eye care needs among a homeless youth population","volume":"51","author":"Noel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2019.07.006","article-title":"Prevalence and impact of eye disease in an urban homeless and marginally housed population","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-016-1295-8","article-title":"East London's homeless: a retrospective review of an eye clinic for homeless people healthcare needs and demand","volume":"16","author":"D'Ath","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2017.12.010","article-title":"Identifying the ophthalmic needs of families living in Toronto shelters","volume":"53","author":"Sedarous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2019.0067","article-title":"Visual impairment and ocular pathology among the Urban American homeless","volume":"30","author":"Henstenburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2011.0067","article-title":"Ocular telehealth screenings in an urban community","volume":"18","author":"Shahid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Telemed e-Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0024","first-page":"1273","article-title":"The behavioral model for vulnerable populations: application to medical care use and outcomes for homeless people","volume":"34","author":"Gelberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.180109","article-title":"The unmet health care needs of homeless adults: a national study","volume":"100","author":"Baggett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5245(01)37459-X","article-title":"Comparison of health status of children using a school-based health center for comprehensive care","volume":"15","author":"Berti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0027","first-page":"757","article-title":"Geriatric conditions in a population-based sample of older homeless adults","volume":"57","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2013.0010","article-title":"Disease pattern and social needs of street people in the race course area of Kano, Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Abdu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0029","first-page":"84","article-title":"The visual acuity and social issues of the homeless population in Toronto","volume":"80","author":"Nia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Univ Tor Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S13007","article-title":"Mobile eye screenings for Hawaii's homeless: results and applications","author":"Barnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"OPTO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2015.0072","article-title":"Vision problems in homeless children","volume":"26","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.283","article-title":"The state of ocular health among London's homeless population","volume":"31","author":"Sawers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390220069014","article-title":"Health, homelessness, and poverty. A study of clinic users","volume":"150","author":"Gelberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0034","first-page":"520","article-title":"A survey of the health of homeless children in Philadelphia shelters","volume":"145","author":"Parker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1996.tb138670.x","article-title":"Children in homeless families in Melbourne: health status and use of health services","volume":"165","author":"Efron","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0036","first-page":"30","article-title":"Homeless families and their children's health problems. A Utah urban experience","volume":"158","author":"Page","year":"1993","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2014.964035","article-title":"Ocular morbidity among street children in Kathmandu Valley","volume":"21","author":"Pant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0038","unstructured":"WHO. Global data on visual impairment. n.d. www.who.int\/blindness\/publications\/globaldata\/en\/ (accessed July 1, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041210","article-title":"Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004","volume":"86","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.104034","article-title":"Global cost of correcting vision impairment from uncorrected refractive error","volume":"90","author":"Fricke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6762","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17201","article-title":"Number of people blind or visually impaired by cataract worldwide and in world regions, 1990 to 2010","volume":"56","author":"Khairallah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0042","first-page":"751","article-title":"Global prevalence and causes of visual impairment with special reference to the general population of Saudi Arabia","volume":"34","author":"Alswailmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.100529","article-title":"Social inequalities in blindness and visual impairment: a review of social determinants","volume":"60","author":"Lansingh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0044","unstructured":"Global Views on Healthcare in 2018. IPSOS. n.d. www.ipsos.com\/en-be\/global-views-healthcare (accessed June 23, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000148","article-title":"Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy among homeless veterans","volume":"14","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2331205X.2019.1650693","article-title":"Barriers to eye care among participants of a mobile eye clinic","volume":"6","author":"Chheda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogent Med"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008418220307705?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008418220307705?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T20:09:52Z","timestamp":1757794192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0008418220307705"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0008418220307705"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Visual impairment and the prevalence of ocular pathology in homeless children and adults globally: a systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2020.09.023","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Canadian Ophthalmological Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}