{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T06:20:27Z","timestamp":1783578027632,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008498","name":"Brandans Eye Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["canadianjournalofophthalmology.ca","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T17:47:41Z","timestamp":1616003261000},"page":"98-104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluation of dry eye disease in children with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2706-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uri","family":"Elbaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Ong Tone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9905-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon S.M.","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-7807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamiar","family":"Mireskandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2004.052134","article-title":"Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"89","author":"Viswalingam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-20010701-06","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of chronic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children","volume":"38","author":"Farpour","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.04.017","article-title":"Meibomitis-related keratoconjunctivitis in childhood and adolescence","volume":"144","author":"Suzuki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000167","article-title":"Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in children","volume":"26","author":"Hammersmith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.09.013","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.01.021","article-title":"Visual outcome and corneal changes in children with chronic blepharokeratoconjunctivitis","volume":"114","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.08.037","article-title":"Severity of pediatric blepharokeratoconjunctivitis in Asian eyes","volume":"153","author":"Teo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001902","article-title":"Evaluation of dry eye disease in children with systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy controls","volume":"38","author":"Ong Tone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3129\/i09-015","article-title":"Management of dysfunctional tear syndrome: a Canadian consensus","volume":"44","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.5.615","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Ocular Surface Disease Index","volume":"118","author":"Schiffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.10.032","article-title":"Tear osmolarity in the diagnosis and management of dry eye disease","volume":"151","author":"Lemp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.03.006","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Tear Film Report","volume":"15","author":"Willcox","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Surf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.09.013","article-title":"A simplified quantitative method for assessing keratoconjunctivitis sicca from the Sjogren's Syndrome International Registry","volume":"149","author":"Whitcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13136","article-title":"The evaluation of meibomian gland function, morphology and related medical history in Asian adult blepharokeratoconjunctivitis patients","volume":"95","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)98033-2","article-title":"Meibomian gland dysfunction in patients with Sjogren syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Shimazaki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e707","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13732","article-title":"The prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction, tear film and ocular surface parameters in an Austrian dry eye clinic population","volume":"96","author":"Rabensteiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2013.763987","article-title":"Impact of time between collection and collection method on human tear fluid osmolarity","volume":"38","author":"Keech","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.02.014","article-title":"The value of tear osmolarity as a metric in evaluating the response to dry eye therapy in the clinic and in clinical trials","volume":"157","author":"Amparo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0019","article-title":"What is the value of incorporating tear osmolarity measurement in assessing patient response to therapy in dry eye disease?","volume":"157","author":"Amparo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.01.025","article-title":"Influence of meibomian gland dysfunction and friction-related disease on the severity of dry eye","volume":"125","author":"Vu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0717-8_152","article-title":"Dry eye syndromes: diagnosis, clinical trials and pharmaceutical treatment\u2013\u2013'improving clinical trials'","volume":"506","author":"Abelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1973.01000040105007","article-title":"Factors affecting tear film breakup in normal eyes","volume":"89","author":"Lemp","year":"1973","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002042","article-title":"Automated ocular surface image analysis and health-related quality of life utility tool to measure blepharokeratoconjunctivitis activity in children","volume":"38","author":"Al-Hayouti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1994.1145","article-title":"Neurotrophic influences on corneal epithelial cells","volume":"59","author":"Garcia-Hirschfeld","year":"1994","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8438","article-title":"Dependence of corneal stem\/progenitor cells on ocular surface innervation","volume":"53","author":"Ueno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5525","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25321","article-title":"No relation between the severity of corneal nerve, epithelial, and keratocyte cell morphology with measures of dry eye disease in type 1 diabetes","volume":"59","author":"Ferdousi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008418221000661?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008418221000661?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T20:10:31Z","timestamp":1757794231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0008418221000661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0008418221000661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation of dry eye disease in children with blepharokeratoconjunctivitis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.02.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Canadian Ophthalmological Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}