{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T13:31:53Z","timestamp":1793367113005,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003579","name":"University of Toronto - St George Campus","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008071","name":"Glaucoma Research Society of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["canadianjournalofophthalmology.ca","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:42:04Z","timestamp":1793364124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of delisting routine eye exams on optometric glaucoma diagnosis billings in Ontario"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0319-1351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiko Zi Yi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham E.","family":"Trope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3831-4676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy","family":"Hatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3848-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne M.","family":"Buys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6348-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Ping","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0001","first-page":"219","article-title":"Self-reported glaucoma in Canada: findings from population-based surveys, 1994\u20132003","volume":"42","author":"Perruccio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311258","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of vision loss in high-income countries and in Eastern and Central Europe in 2015: magnitude, temporal trends and projections","volume":"102","author":"Bourne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0004","unstructured":"Canadian Association of Optometrists. Glaucoma. Accessed February 21, 2025. opto.ca\/eye-health-library\/glaucoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0005","unstructured":"Government of Canada. About Canada\u2019s health care system. Accessed January 11, 2025. www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/canada-health-care-system.html"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0006","unstructured":"Ontario Ministry of Health. Bulletin 8089: changes to eye care services for patients age 20 to 64 years. Accessed January 11, 2025.wayback.archive-it.org\/16312\/20220505185142\/https:\/\/health.gov.on.ca\/en\/pro\/programs\/ohip\/bulletins\/8000\/bul8089.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2024.11.008","article-title":"Unequal access to routine eye exams in Canada: an analysis of government-funded eye exam coverage policy and associated vision health outcomes","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0008","series-title":"Don\u2019t lose sight","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2022.10.015","article-title":"Use of virtual care in ophthalmology in Ontario, Canada in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"59","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2022.05.002","article-title":"Glaucoma risk factors and current challenges in the diagnosis of a leading cause of visual impairment","volume":"163","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0011","first-page":"348","article-title":"Interrupted time series regression for the evaluation of public health interventions: a tutorial","volume":"46","author":"Bernal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2013.08.002","article-title":"Use of interrupted time series analysis in evaluating health care quality improvements","volume":"13","author":"Penfold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01235-8","article-title":"Interrupted time series analysis using autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models: a guide for evaluating large-scale health interventions","volume":"21","author":"Schaffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E479","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20190125","article-title":"Delisted routine eye examinations for nonrefractive eye conditions: a comparative analysis","volume":"8","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(03)80092-3","article-title":"Glaucoma screening by primary care physicians in southern Alberta: patterns, methods and deficiencies","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2015.1056812","article-title":"The impact of multimedia education on uptake of comprehensive eye examinations in rural China: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Dan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.11.024","article-title":"Screening for diabetic retinopathy with or without a copayment in a randomized controlled trial: influence of the inverse care law","volume":"120","author":"Lian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.309.6955.634","article-title":"The sight test fee: effect on ophthalmology referrals and rate of glaucoma detection","volume":"309","author":"Laidlaw","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.05.013","article-title":"Impact of discontinuing government-funded routine eye exams on new glaucoma diagnoses in Ontario","volume":"57","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0020","series-title":"Delisted Routine Eye Exams and the Increased Use of Family Physicians and Ophthalmologists for Glaucoma Diagnosis","author":"Bogale","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200312000-00001","article-title":"How are glaucoma patients identified?","volume":"12","author":"Quigley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(03)00246-4","article-title":"Validation of diagnostic codes within medical services claims","volume":"57","author":"Wilchesky","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.577","article-title":"Accuracy of international classification of diseases, ninth revision, clinical modification billing codes for common ophthalmic conditions","volume":"131","author":"Muir","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0024","unstructured":"Ontario Ministry of Health. Schedule of benefits for optometry services. Accessed January 11, 2025.www.ontario.ca\/files\/2024-01\/moh-ohip-schedule-of-benefits-optometry-services-2024-01-24.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0025","series-title":"Diagnostic Codes","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0026","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Health workforce in Canada, 2017 to 2021: overview\u2014data tables. Accessed January 11, 2025.www.cihi.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/health-workforce-canada-2017-2021-overview-data-tables-en.xlsx"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0027","unstructured":"Canadian Institute for Health Information. Supply, distribution and migration of physicians in Canada, 1971\u20132023 \u2014 Historical Data. Accessed January 11, 2025.www.cihi.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/document\/supply-distribution-migration-physicians-in-canada-1971-2023-data-tables-en.xlsx"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3068-z","article-title":"Policy implications of regional variations in eye disease detection and treatment on Prince Edward Island: a repeated cross-sectional analysis, 2010\u20132012","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2014.01.006","article-title":"Geographic distribution of ophthalmologists in Ontario: a 10-year review","volume":"49","author":"Micieli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05499-6","article-title":"Geographic availability to optometry services across Canada: mapping distribution, need and self-reported use","volume":"20","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0031","unstructured":"College of Optometrists of Ontario. Who are optometrists? Accessed January 11, 2025. collegeoptom.on.ca\/public\/who-are-optometrists\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0032","series-title":"Vision for Ontario: Strategic Recommendations for Ophthalmology in Ontario","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S241085","article-title":"Methods, applications and challenges in the analysis of interrupted time series data: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Ewusie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001792","article-title":"Distribution and predictors of initial glaucoma care among ophthalmologists and optometrists: a population-based study","volume":"30","author":"Quinn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0035","unstructured":"Optometry Act 1991. Ontario Regulation 112\/11: designated drugs and standards of practice. 2017. https:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/laws\/regulation\/1101121991."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1097\/00061198-200312000-00002","article-title":"Cost of glaucoma in Canada: analyses based on visual field and physician\u2019s assessment","volume":"12","author":"Iskedjian","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Glaucoma"}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008418226003558?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0008418226003558?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:42:10Z","timestamp":1793364130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0008418226003558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0008418226003558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0008-4182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0008-4182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of delisting routine eye exams on optometric glaucoma diagnosis billings in Ontario","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcjo.2026.08.035","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Canadian Ophthalmological Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}