{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T01:10:52Z","timestamp":1775092252312,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,1]],"date-time":"2004-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1093996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,27]],"date-time":"2004-10-27T21:52:38Z","timestamp":1098913958000},"page":"889-897","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["Incidence-based measures of birth, growth restriction, and death can free perinatal epidemiology from erroneous concepts of risk"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"K.S.","family":"Joseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.12.1117","article-title":"Intersecting perinatal mortality curves by gestational age: are appearances deceiving?","volume":"152","author":"Lie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121278","article-title":"The relationship of parents' cigarette smoking to outcome of pregnancy: implications as to the problem of inferring causation from observed associations","volume":"93","author":"Yerushalmy","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a121427","article-title":"Maternal cigarette smoking and perinatal mortality","volume":"96","author":"Meyer","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/15.2.188","article-title":"Birthweight and perinatal mortality: III. Towards a new method of analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wilcox","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/21.6.1097","article-title":"Reinterpreting the effects of maternal smoking on infant birthweight and perinatal mortality: a multivariate approach to birth weight standardization","volume":"21","author":"English","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.3.378","article-title":"Birth weight and perinatal mortality: the effect of gestational age","volume":"82","author":"Wilcox","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116613","article-title":"Birth weight and perinatal mortality: the effect of maternal smoking","volume":"137","author":"Wilcox","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(12)90849-2","article-title":"Why do small twins have a lower mortality than small singletons?","volume":"168","author":"Buekens","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.273.9.709","article-title":"Birth weight and perinatal mortality: a comparison of the United States and Norway","volume":"272","author":"Wilcox","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199801000-00013","article-title":"Comparisons of infant mortality using a percentile-based method of standardization for birthweight or gestational age","volume":"9","author":"Hertz-Picciotto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.12.1107","article-title":"Mortality of twins and singletons by gestational age: a varying-coefficient approach","volume":"152","author":"Cheung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30683-4","article-title":"A hypothesis to explain paradoxical racial differences in neonatal mortality","volume":"9","author":"Mittendorf","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811123392004","article-title":"Determinants of preterm birth rates in Canada from 1981 through 1983 and from 1992 through 1994","volume":"339","author":"Joseph","year":"1998","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib14","series-title":"Canadian Perinatal Health Report","article-title":"Health Canada","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib15","first-page":"185","article-title":"Preterm singleton births\u2014United States, 1989\u20131996","volume":"48","year":"1999","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.4.307","article-title":"Trends in preterm birth and neonatal mortality among blacks and whites in the United States from 1989 to 1997","volume":"154","author":"Demissie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92154-4","article-title":"Risk of unexplained stillbirth at different gestational ages","volume":"1","author":"Yudkin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994589","article-title":"Population study of the risk of fetal death and its relationship to birth weight, gestational age, and race","volume":"11","author":"Ferguson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb10047.x","article-title":"Prolonged pregnancy: evaluating gestation-specific risks of fetal and infant mortality","volume":"105","author":"Hilder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2002.29841","article-title":"The epidemiology of stillbirth","volume":"26","author":"Cnattingius","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf077","article-title":"Analysis of perinatal mortality and its components: time for a change?","volume":"156","author":"Kramer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.109399","article-title":"Perinatal mortality and neonatal morbidity rates among twin pairs at different gestational ages: optimal delivery timing at 37 to 38 weeks' gestation","volume":"184","author":"Hartley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200211000-00011","article-title":"The risk of mortality or cerebral palsy in twins: a collaborative population-based study","volume":"52","author":"Scher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02840-3","article-title":"Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term: a randomized multicentre trial","volume":"356","author":"Hannah","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.13.1581","article-title":"Single vs weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm delivery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"286","author":"Guinn","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08778-0","article-title":"Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"359","author":"The Magpie Trial Collaborative Group","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib27","series-title":"Williams obstetrics","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(03)00531-3","article-title":"Impact of labor induction, gestational age, and maternal age on cesarean delivery rates","volume":"102","author":"Heffner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib29","first-page":"120","article-title":"U.S. national trends in labor induction, 1989\u20131998","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00897-4","article-title":"What is the best measure of maternal complications of term pregnancy: ongoing pregnancies or pregnancies delivered?","volume":"189","author":"Caughey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib31","series-title":"Oski's pediatrics: principles and practice","first-page":"209","article-title":"Follow up of infants discharged from newborn intensive care","author":"Scott","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-3-3","article-title":"A parsimonious explanation for intersecting perinatal mortality curves: understanding the effects of plurality and of parity","volume":"3","author":"Joseph","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib33","first-page":"223","article-title":"Multiple births: trends and patterns in Canada, 1974-90","volume":"4","author":"Millar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.5.1055","article-title":"Changes in stillbirth and infant mortality associated with increases in preterm birth among twins","volume":"108","author":"Joseph","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.3.335","article-title":"Trends in twin birth outcomes and prenatal care utilization in the United States, 1981\u20131997","volume":"284","author":"Kogan","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.8.1323","article-title":"The impact of increasing number of multiple births on the rates of preterm birth and low birthweight: an international study","volume":"92","author":"Blondel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2002.34775","article-title":"Trends in the occurrence, determinants, and consequences of multiple births","volume":"26","author":"Blondel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(01)01394-1","article-title":"Causes and consequences of recent increases in preterm birth among twins","volume":"98","author":"Joseph","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2002.34769","article-title":"Trends in obstetric intervention, stillbirth and preterm birth","volume":"26","author":"Joseph","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2002.00413.x","article-title":"Preterm birth, stillbirth and infant mortality among triplet births in Canada, 1985\u201396","volume":"16","author":"Joseph","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib41","series-title":"Theoretical epidemiology: principles of occurrence research in medicine","author":"Miettinen","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X","article-title":"A United States national reference for fetal growth","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.9.1124","article-title":"Impact of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, brain injury, and severe retinopathy on the outcome of extremely low-birth-weight infants at 18 months: results from the trial of indomethacin prophylaxis in preterms","volume":"289","author":"Schmidt","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895435604001192?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895435604001192?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,2]],"date-time":"2019-02-02T20:20:48Z","timestamp":1549138848000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0895435604001192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0895435604001192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.11.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-4356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-4356","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,9]]}}}