{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:19:29Z","timestamp":1791350369614,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","jclinepi.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,30]],"date-time":"2016-04-30T20:23:37Z","timestamp":1462047817000},"page":"73-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Partial verification bias and incorporation bias affected accuracy estimates of diagnostic studies for biomarkers that were part of an existing composite gold standard"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Annika","family":"Karch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Zapf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Zerr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3014-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Karch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.05.014","article-title":"A systematic review classifies sources of bias and variation in diagnostic test accuracy studies","volume":"66","author":"Whiting","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.11.1061","article-title":"Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests","volume":"282","author":"Lijmer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X8700700209","article-title":"Workup bias in prediction research","volume":"7","author":"Panzer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib4","unstructured":"Committee for Medical Products for Human Use (CMPH), Guideline on clinical evaluation of diagnostic agents.\u00a0European Medicine Agency, 2009. Available at www.ema.europa.eu. Accessed at December 15, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12255","article-title":"Understanding the direction of bias in studies of diagnostic test accuracy","volume":"20","author":"Kohn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.050090","article-title":"Evidence of bias and variation in diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"174","author":"Rutjes","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib7","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global surveillance, diagnosis and therapy of human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: report of WHO consultation.\u00a0Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1998. Available at http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/65516. Accessed at December 15, 2015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430109","article-title":"Detection of 14-3-3 protein in the cerebrospinal fluid supports the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"43","author":"Zerr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp191","article-title":"Updated clinical diagnostic criteria for sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"132","author":"Zerr","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199609263351303","article-title":"The 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies","volume":"335","author":"Hsich","year":"1996","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318263565f","article-title":"A comparison of tau and 14-3-3 protein in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"79","author":"Hamlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9133-2","article-title":"Stability and reproducibility underscore utility of RT-QuIC for diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"53","author":"Cramm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23589","article-title":"RT-QuIC analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in sporadic Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease","volume":"72","author":"Mcguire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib14","unstructured":"Robert-Koch-Institut. Creutzfeldt-Jakob-Erkrankung in den Jahren 2010 bis 2011, Epidemiologisches Bulletin 4\/2013,\u00a02013, 31-40."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31826d5fc3","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline: diagnostic accuracy of CSF 14-3-3 protein in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"79","author":"Muayqil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.6.811","article-title":"Analysis of EEG and CSF 14-3-3 proteins as aids to the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"55","author":"Zerr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1159\/000017095","article-title":"14-3-3 protein, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100 protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"10","author":"Beaudry","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.1999.0193","article-title":"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: diagnostic utility of 14-3-3 protein immunodetection in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"7","author":"Collins","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000431029.13491.59c","article-title":"Letter to: a comparison of tau and 14-3-3 protein in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease","volume":"80","author":"Karch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib20","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing.\u00a0R Foundation of Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, http:\/\/www.R-project.org\/, 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2673","article-title":"The design of simulation studies in medical statistics","volume":"25","author":"Burton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.09.013","article-title":"A new method to address verification bias in studies of clinical screening tests: cervical cancer screening assays as an example","volume":"67","author":"Xue","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta9130","article-title":"Cervical screening programmes: can automation help? Evidence from systematic reviews, an economic analysis and a simulation modelling exercise applied to the UK","volume":"9","author":"Willis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00264-3","article-title":"Bias in discrepant analysis: when two wrongs don't make a right","volume":"51","author":"Miller","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1017\/S1481803500009891","article-title":"Incorporation bias in studies of diagnostic tests: how to avoid being biased about bias","volume":"10","author":"Worster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.02.025","article-title":"Verification and incorporation biases in studies assessing screening tests: prostate-specific antigen as an example","volume":"64","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2307\/2530820","article-title":"Assessment of diagnostic tests when disease verification is subject to selection bias","volume":"39","author":"Begg","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2494","article-title":"Multiple imputation for correcting verification bias","volume":"25","author":"Harel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2844","article-title":"Multiple imputation for correcting verification bias: rejoinder to multiple imputation for correcting verification bias","volume":"26","author":"Hanley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3410","article-title":"Multiple imputation to correct for partial verification bias revisited","volume":"27","author":"De Groot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.10.004","article-title":"Correcting for partial verification bias: a comparison of methods","volume":"21","author":"De Groot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895435616300713?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895435616300713?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,19]],"date-time":"2022-06-19T12:18:18Z","timestamp":1655641098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0895435616300713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0895435616300713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-4356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-4356","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Partial verification bias and incorporation bias affected accuracy estimates of diagnostic studies for biomarkers that were part of an existing composite gold standard","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.03.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}