{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:14:29Z","timestamp":1788189269389,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000156","name":"Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008582","name":"McGill University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008582","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jclinepi.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T15:04:18Z","timestamp":1779807858000},"page":"112347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A systematic review of observational studies of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and COVID-19 outcomes: a methodological assessment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3829-1611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audray","family":"St-Jean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Moriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4877-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriana H.Y.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1281-5296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samy","family":"Suissa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6055-0088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristian B.","family":"Filion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-3582","article-title":"Drug repurposing and observational studies: the case of antivirals for the treatment of COVID-19","volume":"176","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1822","article-title":"Potential COVID-19 therapeutic agents and vaccines: an evidence-based review","volume":"61","author":"Khani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","article-title":"Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Pushpakom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002706","article-title":"Evaluating sources of bias in observational studies of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor\/angiotensin II receptor blocker use during COVID-19: beyond confounding","volume":"39","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-4269","article-title":"Challenges in estimating the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination using observational data","volume":"176","author":"Hulme","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5029","article-title":"Considerations for pharmacoepidemiological analyses in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic","volume":"29","author":"Potteg\u00e5rd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwab028","article-title":"Biases in evaluating the safety and effectiveness of drugs for the treatment of COVID-19: designing real-world evidence studies","volume":"190","author":"Renoux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.044","article-title":"Is diabetes mellitus associated with mortality and severity of COVID-19? A meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.05.014","article-title":"Diabetes as a risk factor for greater COVID-19 severity and in-hospital death: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"30","author":"Mantovani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"7821","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib11","article-title":"The association between antidiabetic agents and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with diabetes: a bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2021.08.002","article-title":"Association between anti-diabetic agents and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13359","article-title":"Noninsulin-based antihyperglycemic medications in patients with diabetes and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Nassar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155196","article-title":"Preadmission use of antidiabetic medications and mortality among patients with COVID-19 having type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib15","article-title":"Pre-admission use of sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i) may significantly improves Covid-19 outcomes in patients with diabetes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"195","author":"Permana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s43441-024-00633-6","article-title":"The effect of antihyperglycemic medications on COVID-19: a meta-analysis and systematic review from observational studies","volume":"58","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Innov Regul Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13030067","article-title":"SGLT2 inhibitors in COVID-19: umbrella review, meta-analysis, and bayesian sensitivity assessment","volume":"13","author":"Suresh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2024.04.009","article-title":"Association of sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 inhibitors vs dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors with pneumonia, COVID-19, and other adverse respiratory events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280221133577","article-title":"Effect of antidiabetic therapy on clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Zhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.4511","article-title":"Association of SGLT2 inhibitors with cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"McGuire","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2018.09.005","article-title":"Effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on systemic and tissue low-grade inflammation: the potential contribution to diabetes complications and cardiovascular disease","volume":"44","author":"Bonnet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00180-7","article-title":"Dapagliflozin in patients with cardiometabolic risk factors hospitalised with COVID-19 (DARE-19): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"9","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00253-X","article-title":"Empagliflozin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial","volume":"11","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00218-3","article-title":"Effect of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on survival free of organ support in patients hospitalised for COVID-19 (ACTIV-4a): a pragmatic, multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, platform trial","volume":"12","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.03.003","article-title":"Testing the Newcastle Ottawa Scale showed low reliability between individual reviewers","volume":"66","author":"Hartling","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib26","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib27","series-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 (updated August 2024)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib28","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib30","first-page":"S27","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in Diabetes-2025","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0788","article-title":"Metformin and the risk of cancer: time-related biases in observational studies","volume":"35","author":"Suissa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1411","article-title":"Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): an R package and shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments","volume":"12","author":"McGuinness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-021-01110-1","article-title":"Risk factors associated with COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality: a large claims-based analysis among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Boye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00599-4","article-title":"Adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in people with SARS-CoV-2 treated with SGLT2 inhibitors","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvac044","article-title":"Association between use of novel glucose-lowering drugs and COVID-19 hospitalization and death in patients with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide registry analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.02.007","article-title":"Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors, glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 inhibitors and COVID-19 outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Foresta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14329","article-title":"Comparable COVID-19 outcomes with current use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors or SGLT-2 inhibitors among patients with diabetes who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"23","author":"Israelsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0357","article-title":"Association between SGLT2 inhibitor treatment and diabetic ketoacidosis and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes admitted to hospital with COVID-19","volume":"45","author":"Khunti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-024-01562-1","article-title":"Association of premorbid GLP-1RA and SGLT-2i prescription alone and in combination with COVID-19 severity","volume":"15","author":"Klein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15302","article-title":"The impact of type 2 diabetes and glycaemic control on mortality and clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the capital region of Denmark","volume":"26","author":"Kliim-Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13020431","article-title":"The effect of sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 inhibitors on COVID-19 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study using the common data model","volume":"13","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S385646","article-title":"Infection rates and impact of glucose lowering medications on the clinical course of COVID-19 in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective observational study","volume":"15","author":"Mannucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-023-01472-8","volume":"14","author":"Monda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.12.020","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and short-term prognosis of in-patients with diabetes and COVID-19: a retrospective study from an academic center in Belgium","volume":"15","author":"Orioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2022.10.001","article-title":"Antidiabetic treatment and COVID-19 outcomes: a population-based cohort study in primary health care in Catalonia during the first wave of the pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Ouchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-023-01287-0","article-title":"The effect of dapagliflozin use on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Ozbek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glab124","article-title":"Cardiometabolic therapy and mortality in very old patients with diabetes hospitalized due to COVID-19","volume":"76","author":"Ramos-Rinc\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14203","article-title":"Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and susceptibility to COVID-19: a population-based retrospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Sainsbury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.909874","article-title":"Risk factors for COVID-19 case fatality rate in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a nationwide retrospective cohort study of 235,248 patients in the Russian Federation","volume":"13","author":"Shestakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.09.028","article-title":"Are diabetes and its medications risk factors for the development of COVID-19? Data from a population-based study in sicily","volume":"31","author":"Silverii","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1351","article-title":"Prior glucose-lowering medication use and 30-Day outcomes among 64,892 veterans with diabetes and COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Wander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2022-002774","article-title":"Hospitalization and mortality in patients with COVID-19 with or at risk of type 2 diabetes: data from five health systems in Pennsylvania and Maryland","volume":"10","author":"Yeh","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5083","article-title":"Time-related biases in pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"29","author":"Suissa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg231","article-title":"Evaluating medication effects outside of clinical trials: new-user designs","volume":"158","author":"Ray","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30152-2","article-title":"Practical recommendations for the management of diabetes in patients with COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Bornstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30483-7","article-title":"A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research","volume":"20","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1034636","article-title":"Challenges in evaluating treatments for COVID-19: the case of in-hospital anticoagulant use and the risk of adverse outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4107","article-title":"Prevalent new-user cohort designs for comparative drug effect studies by time-conditional propensity scores","volume":"26","author":"Suissa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895435626002222?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895435626002222?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:22:39Z","timestamp":1788186159000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0895435626002222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["S0895435626002222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-4356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-4356","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A systematic review of observational studies of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and COVID-19 outcomes: a methodological assessment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2026.112347","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112347"}}