{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:20:43Z","timestamp":1791670843333,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 DK106520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 DK106520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004191","name":"Novo Nordisk","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004191","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jacc.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T16:01:41Z","timestamp":1586966501000},"page":"482-494","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["21st Century Advances in Multimodality Imaging of Obesity for Care of the Cardiovascular Patient"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ian J.","family":"Neeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Yokoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olof Dahlqvist","family":"Leinhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl J.","family":"Lavie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.004","article-title":"2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society","volume":"63","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3415","article-title":"Pharmacological management of obesity: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"100","author":"Apovian","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161365.GL","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity","volume":"22","author":"Garvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17034","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.34","article-title":"Obesity","volume":"3","author":"Gonzalez-Muniesa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2011","article-title":"Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update","volume":"93","author":"Tchernof","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2017.08.006","article-title":"Guideline recommendations for obesity management","volume":"102","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029617","article-title":"Cardiovascular and metabolic heterogeneity of obesity: clinical challenges and implications for management","volume":"137","author":"Neeland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1001\/2012.jama.11132","article-title":"Dysfunctional adiposity and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in obese adults","volume":"308","author":"Neeland","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.01.061","article-title":"Body fat distribution and incident cardiovascular disease in obese adults","volume":"65","author":"Neeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.06.004","article-title":"Overview of epidemiology and contribution of obesity and body fat distribution to cardiovascular disease: an update","volume":"61","author":"Piche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi253","article-title":"What aspects of body fat are particularly hazardous and how do we measure them?","volume":"35","author":"Snijder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.10.039","article-title":"Usefulness of measuring both body mass index and waist circumference for the estimation of visceral adiposity and related cardiometabolic risk profile (from the INSPIRE ME IAA study)","volume":"115","author":"Nazare","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K08E-030","article-title":"Abdominal visceral fat reduction is associated with favorable changes of serum retinol binding protein-4 in nondiabetic subjects","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib14","first-page":"195","article-title":"Visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome: effects of weight loss","volume":"11","author":"Busetto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-015-0146-7","article-title":"Comparison of adipose distribution indices with gold standard body composition assessments in the EMPA-REG H2H SU trial: a body composition sub-study","volume":"6","author":"Neeland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.1.172","article-title":"Assessment of abdominal fat content by computed tomography","volume":"36","author":"Borkan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib17","first-page":"E736","article-title":"Determination of total adipose tissue and body fat in women by computed tomography, 40K, and tritium","volume":"250","author":"Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib18","first-page":"437","article-title":"A\u00a0novel technique for the determination of body fat by computed tomography","volume":"7","author":"Tokunaga","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355","article-title":"Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"116","author":"Fox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E439","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20135","article-title":"Associations of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue with markers of cardiac and metabolic risk in obese adults","volume":"21","author":"Neeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.07.017","article-title":"Visceral adiposity and the risk of metabolic syndrome across body mass index: the MESA Study","volume":"7","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol Img"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1378","article-title":"Impact of abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue on cardiometabolic risk factors: the Jackson Heart Study","volume":"95","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22210","article-title":"Body Composition Profiling in the UK Biobank Imaging Study","volume":"26","author":"Linge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665115000129","article-title":"Skeletal muscle mass and quality: evolution of modern measurement concepts in the context of sarcopenia","volume":"74","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv027","article-title":"Greater skeletal muscle fat infiltration is associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in older men","volume":"70","author":"Miljkovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.067","article-title":"Association of changes in abdominal fat quantity and quality with incident cardiovascular disease risk factors","volume":"68","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30084-1","article-title":"Visceral and ectopic fat, atherosclerosis, and cardiometabolic disease: a position statement","volume":"7","author":"Neeland","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.279","article-title":"Association between single-slice measurements of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue with volumetric measurements: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"34","author":"Irlbeck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3432","article-title":"Validation of a fast method for quantification of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous adipose tissue for large-scale human studies","volume":"28","author":"Borga","year":"2015","journal-title":"NMR Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-018-0122-1","article-title":"The optimal anatomic site for a single slice to estimate the total volume of visceral adipose tissue by using the quantitative computed tomography (QCT) in Chinese population","volume":"72","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.393","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for quantification of visceral fat","volume":"20","author":"Kaul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e221","DOI":"10.1038\/nutd.2016.28","article-title":"Comparison of visceral fat mass measurement by dual-X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging in a multiethnic cohort: the Dallas Heart Study","volume":"6","author":"Neeland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2018-000722","article-title":"Advanced body composition assessment: from body mass index to body composition profiling","volume":"66","author":"Borga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Investig Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.07.012","article-title":"Reproducibility and validity of ultrasound for the measurement of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues","volume":"63","author":"Schlecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3340","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2014-4479","article-title":"Abdominal fat distribution and cardiovascular risk in men and women with different levels of glucose tolerance","volume":"100","author":"Scheuer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163332","article-title":"Feasibility of MR-based body composition analysis in large scale population studies","volume":"11","author":"West","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067264","article-title":"Body fat distribution and risk of cardiovascular disease: an update","volume":"126","author":"Despres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S371","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-s250","article-title":"Myocardial, perivascular, and epicardial fat","volume":"34","author":"Iozzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.07.003","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue: emerging physiological, pathophysiological and clinical features","volume":"22","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.11.018","article-title":"Pericardial fat and CVD: is all fat created equally?","volume":"10","author":"Lavie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol Img"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.575","article-title":"Epicardial and pericardial fat: close, but very different","volume":"17","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht099","article-title":"Human epicardial adipose tissue induces fibrosis of the atrial myocardium through the secretion of adipo-fibrokines","volume":"36","author":"Venteclef","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw001","article-title":"Cardiac adipose tissue and atrial fibrillation: the perils of adiposity","volume":"109","author":"Hatem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H202","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00120.2010","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue reveals differences in proteins involved in oxidative stress","volume":"299","author":"Salgado-Somoza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.01.048","article-title":"Coronary atherosclerosis is associated with macrophage polarization in epicardial adipose tissue","volume":"58","author":"Hirata","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2579","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue as a source of nuclear factor-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mediated inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"94","author":"Baker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2006.04.016","article-title":"Relationship of epicardial adipose tissue with atrial dimensions and diastolic function in morbidly obese subjects","volume":"115","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib48","first-page":"1294","article-title":"Epicardial fat and atrial fibrillation: current evidence, potential mechanisms, clinical implications, and future directions","volume":"38","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2009.10.013","article-title":"Echocardiographic epicardial fat: a review of research and clinical applications","volume":"22","author":"Iacobellis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-73","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance of total and atrial pericardial adipose tissue: a validation study and development of a 3 dimensional pericardial adipose tissue model","volume":"15","author":"Mahajan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743062","article-title":"Pericardial fat, visceral abdominal fat, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular calcification in a community-based sample: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"117","author":"Rosito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0245","article-title":"Pericardial adipose tissue, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease risk factors: the Jackson heart study","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.10.024","article-title":"Pericardial, But Not Hepatic, Fat by CT Is Associated With CV Outcomes and Structure: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol Img"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib54","first-page":"132","article-title":"Is epicardial fat tissue associated with atrial fibrillation recurrence after ablation? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Sepehri Shamloo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib55","first-page":"49","article-title":"Epicardial fat thickness correlates with coronary in-stent restenosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"31","author":"Cabrera-Rego","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Investig Arterioscler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10372","article-title":"Myocardial triglycerides and systolic function in humans: in\u00a0vivo evaluation by localized proton spectroscopy and cardiac imaging","volume":"49","author":"Szczepaniak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22289","article-title":"Myocardial fat quantification in humans: evaluation by two-point water-fat imaging and localized proton spectroscopy","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2263com","article-title":"Intramyocardial lipid accumulation in the failing human heart resembles the lipotoxic rat heart","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.645614","article-title":"Cardiac steatosis in diabetes mellitus: a 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy study","volume":"116","author":"McGavock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.062","article-title":"Myocardial steatosis is an independent predictor of diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"52","author":"Rijzewijk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.06.016","article-title":"Effects of bariatric surgery on cardiac ectopic fat: lesser decrease in epicardial fat compared to visceral fat loss and no change in myocardial triglyceride content","volume":"60","author":"Gaborit","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1999.01377.x","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions","volume":"94","author":"Brunt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.03.020","article-title":"Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008","volume":"9","author":"Younossi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23527","article-title":"The incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Ascha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-010-1905-5","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of US, CT, MRI and 1H-MRS for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis compared with liver biopsy: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Bohte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0000000000000016","article-title":"Fat and iron quantification in the liver: past, present, and future","volume":"23","author":"Yokoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E462","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00064.2004","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population","volume":"288","author":"Szczepaniak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib68","article-title":"Characterisation of liver fat in the UK Biobank cohort","volume":"12","author":"Wilman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011775","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"346","author":"Angulo","year":"2002","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.12.039","article-title":"Independent association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease in the US population","volume":"10","author":"Stepanova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d6891","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d6891","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality among US adults: prospective cohort study","volume":"343","author":"Lazo","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2247","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"30","author":"Targher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.05.013","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Targher","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4718","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23014-0","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease accelerates kidney function decline in patients with chronic kidney disease: a cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.018","article-title":"Liver fat, statin use, and incident diabetes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"242","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26156","article-title":"Association between noninvasive fibrosis markers and mortality among adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl18382","article-title":"Improvement of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030367","article-title":"Bidirectional relationships and disconnects between NAFLD and features of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Wainwright","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.02.049","article-title":"Effects of hepatic triglyceride content on myocardial metabolism in type 2 diabetes","volume":"56","author":"Rijzewijk","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2011.4","article-title":"The clinical significance of pancreatic steatosis","volume":"8","author":"Smits","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3544-5","article-title":"Pancreatic adipose tissue infiltration, parenchymal steatosis and beta cell function in humans","volume":"58","author":"Begovatz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180267","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180267","article-title":"Obesity, metabolic disease and the pancreas-Quantitative imaging of pancreatic fat","volume":"91","author":"Sakai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.2918","article-title":"Ectopic fat accumulation in the pancreas and its biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.12.012","article-title":"Ectopic fat accumulation in the pancreas and its clinical relevance: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"69","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3142","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3142","article-title":"The association between pancreas steatosis and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1099","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3243","article-title":"Intramyocellular lipid is associated with visceral adiposity, markers of insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk in prepubertal children: the EPOCH study","volume":"97","author":"Brumbaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R67","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0488","article-title":"Mechanisms in endocrinology: skeletal muscle lipotoxicity in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: a causal mechanism or an innocent bystander?","volume":"176","author":"Brons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2006.47","article-title":"Intramyocellular lipid content in human skeletal muscle","volume":"14","author":"Schrauwen-Hinderling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E882","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00769.2007","article-title":"Exercise-induced alterations in intramyocellular lipids and insulin resistance: the athlete's paradox revisited","volume":"294","author":"Dube","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib90","first-page":"29","article-title":"Characterization of Intra-myocellular Lipids using 2D Localized Correlated Spectroscopy and Abdominal Fat using MRI in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Srikanthan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Magn Reson Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1060","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.90367.2008","article-title":"Distinct patterns of fat metabolism in skeletal muscle of normal-weight, overweight, and obese humans","volume":"295","author":"Velan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2016.28","article-title":"Effects of habitual aerobic exercise on the relationship between intramyocellular or extramyocellular lipid content and arterial stiffness","volume":"30","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq522","article-title":"Para- and perirenal fat thickness is an independent predictor of chronic kidney disease, increased renal resistance index and hyperuricaemia in type-2 diabetic patients","volume":"26","author":"Lamacchia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25252","article-title":"Quantification of renal steatosis in type II diabetes mellitus using dixon-based MRI","volume":"44","author":"Yokoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5298-6","article-title":"Renal fat fraction and diffusion tensor imaging in patients with early-stage diabetic nephropathy","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.05.057","article-title":"The relationship of body mass and fat distribution with incident hypertension: observations from the dallas heart study","volume":"64","author":"Chandra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12584","article-title":"Human brown adipose tissue as a target for obesity management; beyond cold-induced thermogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Loh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810780","article-title":"Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans","volume":"360","author":"Cypess","year":"2009","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.06.012","article-title":"Different metabolic responses of human brown adipose tissue to activation by cold and insulin","volume":"14","author":"Orava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI60433","article-title":"Brown adipose tissue oxidative metabolism contributes to energy expenditure during acute cold exposure in humans","volume":"122","author":"Ouellet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.07.002","article-title":"Role of human brown fat in obesity, metabolism and cardiovascular disease: strategies to turn up the heat","volume":"61","author":"Ruiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12350-013-9786-z","article-title":"Recent advances in metabolic imaging","volume":"20","author":"Gropler","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nucl Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1805","article-title":"Increased myocardial uptake of dietary fatty acids linked to cardiac dysfunction in glucose-intolerant humans","volume":"61","author":"Labbe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E445","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00579.2010","article-title":"Organ-specific dietary fatty acid uptake in humans using positron emission tomography coupled to computed tomography","volume":"300","author":"Labbe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1166","article-title":"Effect of sex and impaired glucose tolerance on organ-specific dietary fatty acid metabolism in humans","volume":"64","author":"Kunach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.04.074","article-title":"Altered myocardial substrate metabolism and decreased diastolic function in nonischemic human diabetic cardiomyopathy: studies with cardiac positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"54","author":"Rijzewijk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000127959.28627.F8","article-title":"Effect of obesity and insulin resistance on myocardial substrate metabolism and efficiency in young women","volume":"109","author":"Peterson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.39","article-title":"Insulin- and exercise-stimulated skeletal muscle blood flow and glucose uptake in obese men","volume":"11","author":"Hallsten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E105","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00680.2010","article-title":"Human obesity is characterized by defective fat storage and enhanced muscle fatty acid oxidation, and trimetazidine gradually counteracts these abnormalities","volume":"301","author":"Bucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000072789.89096.10","article-title":"Abnormal cardiac and skeletal muscle energy metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"107","author":"Scheuermann-Freestone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(03)00625-9","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction is associated with altered myocardial metabolism in asymptomatic normotensive patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"42","author":"Diamant","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309769","article-title":"Hyperpolarized 13C metabolic MRI of the human heart: initial experience","volume":"119","author":"Cunningham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"25 Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.004","article-title":"2013 AHA\/ACC\/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society","volume":"63","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.18.1837","article-title":"Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories","volume":"97","author":"Wilson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.005","article-title":"2013 ACC\/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Goff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.09.019","article-title":"Effect of exercise and pharmacological interventions on visceral adiposity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term randomized controlled trials","volume":"94","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030501","article-title":"Effect of distinct lifestyle interventions on mobilization of fat storage pools: central magnetic resonance imaging randomized controlled trial","volume":"137","author":"Gepner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-019-03897-2","article-title":"Quantification of liver, subcutaneous, and visceral adipose tissues by MRI before and after bariatric surgery","volume":"29","author":"Meyer-Gerspach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obes Surg"}],"container-title":["JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1936878X20302679?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1936878X20302679?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T17:51:11Z","timestamp":1761846671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1936878X20302679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S1936878X20302679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-878X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-878X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"21st Century Advances in Multimodality Imaging of Obesity for Care of the Cardiovascular Patient","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.02.031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}