{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:14:35Z","timestamp":1781154875497,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,1]],"date-time":"2013-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1356998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,23]],"date-time":"2012-06-23T04:47:11Z","timestamp":1340426831000},"page":"34-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Aetiology, pattern and treatment of mandibular condylar fractures in 549 patients: A 22-year retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Hai-Hua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zu-Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2007.11.025","article-title":"Fixation of comminuted diacapitular fractures of the mandibular condyle with ultrasound-activated resorbable pins","volume":"46","author":"Abdel-Galil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2009.10.010","article-title":"Fractures of the mandibular condyle: evidence base and current concepts of management","volume":"48","author":"Abdel-Galil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-4356(87)90088-X","article-title":"A\u00a0study of condylar fractures in Sri Lankan patients with special reference to the recent views on treatment, healing and sequelae","volume":"25","author":"Amaratunga","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(03)00735-3","article-title":"Open versus closed reduction of adult mandibular condyle fractures: a review of the literature regarding the evolution of current thoughts on management","volume":"61","author":"Brandt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31819032a3","article-title":"Mandibular condyle fractures: evaluation of the Strasbourg Osteosynthesis Research Group classification","volume":"20","author":"Cenzi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181811a3c","article-title":"Effect of treatment delay on mandibular fracture infection rate","volume":"122","author":"Czerwinski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2001.0103","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of open and closed treatment of condylar fractures: a change in philosophy","volume":"30","author":"De Riu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199008000-00005","article-title":"Craniofacial trauma: an assessment of risk related to timing of surgery","volume":"86","author":"Derdyn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(88)90054-7","article-title":"California mandatory seat belt law: the effect of recent legislation on motor vehicle accident related maxillofacial injuries","volume":"46","author":"Dodson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2006.07.855","article-title":"Commentary regarding the publication \u201cFractures of the mandibular condyle\u2013a review of 466 cases. Literature review, reflections on treatment and proposals\u201d by N. Zachariades et\u00a0al","volume":"34","author":"Eckelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2006.03.003","article-title":"Open versus closed treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process-a prospective randomized multi-centre study","volume":"34","author":"Eckelt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2007.01.002","article-title":"A\u00a03-year survey of assault-related maxillofacial fractures in central Switzerland","volume":"35","author":"Eggensperger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(85)90002-7","article-title":"Ten years of mandibular fractures: an analysis of 2,137 cases","volume":"59","author":"Ellis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2004.02.019","article-title":"Treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures: biological considerations","volume":"63","author":"Ellis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2004.04.006","article-title":"Maxillofacial fractures. Analysis of demographic distribution and treatment in 2901 patients (25-year experience)","volume":"32","author":"Erol","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLG.0000194844.87268.ED","article-title":"Factors associated with long-term complications after repair of mandibular fractures","volume":"116","author":"Furr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.21868","article-title":"Outcomes of open versus closed treatment of mandibular subcondylar fractures","volume":"59","author":"Haug","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000260730.43870.1b","article-title":"Closed reduction, open reduction, and endoscopic assistance: current thoughts on the management of mandibular condyle fractures","volume":"120","author":"Haug","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.02.012","article-title":"Intracapsular condylar fracture of the mandible: our classification and open treatment experience","volume":"67","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2002.33246","article-title":"Assessment of patients treated for intracapsular fractures of the mandibular condyle by closed techniques","volume":"60","author":"Hlawitschka","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2005.02.004","article-title":"Functional and radiological results of open and closed treatment of intracapsular (diacapitular) condylar fractures of the mandible","volume":"34","author":"Hlawitschka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2010.11.009","article-title":"Attitudes and behavior of Chinese drivers regarding seatbelt use","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.2001.0734","article-title":"The role of open reduction and internal fixation in unilateral fractures of the mandibular condyle: a prospective study","volume":"40","author":"Hyde","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3699(20)30415-5","article-title":"Open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures","volume":"2","author":"Kent","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Clin North"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(98)80008-8","article-title":"Surgical reduction and fixation of intracapsular condylar fractures. A follow up study","volume":"27","author":"Kermer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.6.1049","article-title":"Injuries to bicyclists in Wuhan, People's Republic of China","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.04.018","article-title":"Abnormal union of mandibular fractures: a review of 84 cases","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9785(77)80067-7","article-title":"Condylar fractures of the mandible. I. Classification and relation to age, occlusion, and concomitant injuries of teeth and teeth-supporting structures, and fractures of the mandibular body","volume":"6","author":"Lindahl","year":"1977","journal-title":"Int J Oral Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2006.06.307","article-title":"A\u00a0sheep model of intracapsular condylar fracture","volume":"65","author":"Long","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2004.08.018","article-title":"Subclassification of fractures of the condylar process of the mandible","volume":"43","author":"Loukota","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(49)80020-8","article-title":"Consideration of 180 cases of typical fractures of the mandibular condylar process","volume":"5","author":"MacLennan","year":"1952","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.2000.0317","article-title":"Fractures of the mandibular condyle. Part 1: patterns of distribution of types and causes of fractures in 348 patients","volume":"38","author":"Marker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.2000.0457","article-title":"Fractures of the mandibular condyle. Part 2: results of treatment of 348 patients","volume":"38","author":"Marker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.01.025","article-title":"Closed versus open reduction of mandibular condylar fractures in adults: a meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Nussbaum","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2009.10.002","article-title":"Characteristics of maxillofacial trauma in females: a retrospective analysis of 367 patients","volume":"38","author":"Roccia","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.03.064","article-title":"Incidence and patterns of mandibular condyle fractures","volume":"68","author":"Sawazaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.06.107","article-title":"Open reduction and internal fixation versus closed treatment and mandibulomaxillary fixation of fractures of the mandibular condylar process: a randomized, prospective, multicenter study with special evaluation of fracture level","volume":"66","author":"Schneider","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(92)90484-H","article-title":"Different patterns of condylar fractures: an analysis of 382 patients in a 3-year period","volume":"50","author":"Silvennoinen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib39","series-title":"Spezielle frakture und luxationslehre (Textbook of specialised fractures and dislocations) BD. I\/I","article-title":"Gelenkfortsatz und gelenkkopfchenfracturen","author":"Spiessl","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90318-5","article-title":"Effect of seat-belt legislation","volume":"2","author":"Steele","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-4356(97)90401-0","article-title":"An epidemiological study of patterns of condylar fractures in children","volume":"35","author":"Thoren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.5.313","article-title":"The treatment of condylar fractures: to open or not to open? A critical review of this controversy","volume":"5","author":"Valiati","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.06.010","article-title":"Open reduction and internal fixation of intra-articular fractures of the mandibular condyle: our first experiences","volume":"66","author":"Vesnaver","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2003.08.010","article-title":"Mandibular condyle fractures: determinants of treatment and outcome","volume":"62","author":"Villarreal","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61367-7","article-title":"Injury-related fatalities in China: an under-recognised public-health problem","volume":"372","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib46","series-title":"Turning the tide: injury and violence prevention in China","author":"World-Health-Organization","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2006.07.854","article-title":"Fractures of the mandibular condyle: a review of 466 cases. Literature review, reflections on treatment and proposals","volume":"34","author":"Zachariades","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)31368-7","article-title":"Open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures. Indications and technique","volume":"16","author":"Zide","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1053\/joms.2001.21869","article-title":"Outcomes of open versus closed treatment of mandibular subcondylar fractures (discussion)","volume":"59","author":"Zide","year":"2001","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2391(83)90214-8","article-title":"Indications for open reduction of mandibular condyle fractures","volume":"41","author":"Zide","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1010518212001175?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1010518212001175?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T14:26:19Z","timestamp":1760883979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1010518212001175"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1010518212001175"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1010-5182"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1010-5182","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Aetiology, pattern and treatment of mandibular condylar fractures in 549 patients: A 22-year retrospective study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}