{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:21:23Z","timestamp":1785554483380,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Communication Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T23:37:31Z","timestamp":1626219451000},"page":"106141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Phonological acquisition in 3- to 5-year-old Kurdish-Speaking children in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Shahla","family":"Fatemi Syadar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6067-829X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talieh","family":"Zarifian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Pascoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya","family":"Modarresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2018.10.003","article-title":"Identification of phonological processes in Arabic\u2013speaking Egyptian children by single-word test","volume":"77","author":"Abou-Elsaad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0002","first-page":"27","article-title":"A moraic analysis of compensatory lengthening in the Kurdish dialect of Sorany","volume":"1","author":"Alinezhad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Linguistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4103.642","article-title":"The acquisition of Arabic consonants","volume":"41","author":"Amayreh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0004","series-title":"Articulatory and phonological impairments: A clinical focus","author":"Bauman- W","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0005","series-title":"Articulation and phonological disorders: Speech sound disorders in children","author":"Bernthal","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0006","series-title":"Re-imagining national struggle: Resistance narratives within the exiled Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1080\/02699206.2017.1308014","article-title":"Phonological development of Danish-speaking children: A normative cross-sectional study","volume":"31","author":"Clausen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-19-00168","article-title":"Children's English consonant acquisition in the United States: A review","volume":"29","author":"Crowe","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0009","series-title":"Category of Iranian languages (Vol. 1)","author":"Dabir Moghaddam","year":"2016"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/0269920031000111348","article-title":"Phonological development: a normative study of British English-speaking children","volume":"17","author":"Dodd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0011","series-title":"Differential diagnosis and treatment of children with speech disorder","author":"Dodd","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0012","series-title":"Diagnostic evaluation of articulation and phonology (DEAP)","author":"Dodd","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0013","series-title":"The acquisition of phonological inventories. The Oxford Handbook of developmental linguistics","first-page":"7","author":"Dunbar","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0014","series-title":"Ethnologue: Languages of the World","author":"Eberhard","year":"2020"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1080\/02699200802330223","article-title":"Methodological questions in studying consonant acquisition","volume":"22","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2018.10.009","article-title":"Kurdish Speech Test: A validation study for children aged 3\u20135 years","volume":"117","author":"Fatemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.32598\/irj.16.2.155","article-title":"Percentage of consonants correct for 3-5 year old Kurdish-speaking children with Middle Kurmanji-Mukryani dialect","volume":"16","author":"Fatemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2307\/412864","article-title":"Words and sounds in early language acquisition","volume":"51","author":"Ferguson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360(2001\/026)","article-title":"Phonologically disordered German-speaking children","volume":"10","author":"Fox","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0020","first-page":"183","article-title":"The phonological acquisition of German","volume":"23","author":"Fox","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sprache Stimme Geh\u00f6r"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12118","article-title":"Swahili speech development: Preliminary normative data from typically developing pre-school children in Tanzania","volume":"50","author":"Gangji","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0103","unstructured":"Grech, H. (1998). Phonological development of normal Maltese speaking children (Doctoral dissertation). University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. Proquest Dissertation Publishing 10870949."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Are Kurds descended from the Medes?","volume":"10","author":"Izadi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Kurdish Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0023","series-title":"Child language, aphasia and phonological universals","author":"Jakobson","year":"1941"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0024","series-title":"Mahabadi dialect of Kurdish","author":"Kalbasi","year":"1983"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900013611","article-title":"From babbling towards the sound systems of English and French: A longitudinal two-case study","volume":"19","author":"Levitt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0101","unstructured":"Locke, J. L. (1983). Phonological acquisition and change. New York, NY: Academic Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2011.487543","article-title":"The acquisition of consonants in Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois French: A cross-sectional study of pre-school aged children","volume":"13","author":"MacLeod","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2015.1126639","article-title":"The acquisition of Setswana segmental phonology in children aged 3.0\u20136.0 years: A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Mahura","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2015.1060525","article-title":"Influence of consonant frequency on Icelandic-speaking children's speech acquisition","volume":"18","author":"M\u00e1sd\u00f3ttir","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0029","series-title":"The international perspective on speech acquisition. Paper presented at the American speech-language-hearing association convention","author":"McLeod","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0030","series-title":"The international guide to speech acquisition","author":"McLeod","year":"2007"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_AJSLP-17-0100","article-title":"Children's consonant acquisition in 27 languages: A cross-linguistic review","volume":"27","author":"McLeod","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1017\/S0041977X00119202","article-title":"Mongol place-names in Mukri Kurdistan","volume":"19","author":"Minorsky","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0033","series-title":"The study of consonant acquisition age in Turkish-Azeri speaking children aged 3 to 5 years in Tabriz","author":"Nojavan","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nojavan-Pirehyousefan, H., Zarifian, T., Ahmadi, A., Jahan, A., Teymouri, R., & Hosseinzadeh, S., (2021). Development of a speech production test in Azeri Turkish speaking children. Appl Neuropsychol Child. 14:1-10. doi: 10.1080\/21622965.2021.1935255. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34261383.","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2021.1935255"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0034","series-title":"Speech sound acquisition and phonological error patterns in child speakers of Syrian Arabic: a normative study","author":"Owaida","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0035","series-title":"The weight of Kurdish poetry and matching with Persian poetry weight","author":"Parhizi","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0036","series-title":"Language disorders from infancy through adolescence: Assessment & intervention (Vol. 324)","author":"Paul","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0037","series-title":"The phonological development of Malaysian English speaking Chinese children: A normative study. (Doctor of Philosophy)","author":"Phoon","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3109\/02699206.2013.868517","article-title":"Consonant acquisition in the Malay language: A cross-sectional study of preschool aged Malay children","volume":"28","author":"Phoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0102","unstructured":"Poole, I. (1934). The genetic development of consonant sounds in the speech of children. The Elementary English Review, 11,159161."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4002.179","article-title":"Articulation development in children aged two to four years","volume":"40","author":"Prather","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.5539\/ijel.v1n2p73","article-title":"A phonological contrastive analysis of Kurdish and English","volume":"1","author":"Rahimpour","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of English Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0041","series-title":"Phonetics and grammar in Kurdish language","author":"Rokhzadi","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.3701.55","article-title":"When are speech sounds learned?","volume":"37","author":"Sander","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3601.105","article-title":"Four new speech and prosody-voice measures for genetics research and other studies in developmental phonological disorders","volume":"36","author":"Shriberg","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4703.256","article-title":"Phonological disorders III: A procedure for assessing severity of involvement","volume":"47","author":"Shriberg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4206.1461","article-title":"Prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old children and comorbidity with language impairment","volume":"42","author":"Shriberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5504.779","article-title":"The Iowa articulation norms project and its Nebraska replication","volume":"55","author":"Smit","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900009922","article-title":"The acquisition of phonology by Cantonese-speaking children","volume":"22","author":"So","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0048","series-title":"Normal and disordered phonology in children","author":"Stoel-Gammon","year":"1985"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_PERS-SIG1-2018-0014","article-title":"Using developmental norms for speech sounds as a means of determining treatment eligibility in schools","volume":"4","author":"Storkel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0050","series-title":"Certain Language Skills in Children","author":"Templin","year":"1957"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2012\/11-0080)","article-title":"A population study of children's acquisition of Hong Kong Cantonese consonants, vowels, and tones","volume":"56","author":"To","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, M. M., & Scukanec. G.P. (199b). Profiling the phonological abilities of 2-year-olds:A longitudinal investigation.Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 13, 3-14.","DOI":"10.1177\/026565909701300102"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0052","first-page":"1","article-title":"Speech sounds by young children","volume":"5","author":"Wellman","year":"1931","journal-title":"Iowa City: University of Iowa Child Welfare Research Station"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0053","first-page":"60","article-title":"Speech sounds acquisition evaluated by Speech Sound Development Test (SSDT) in Turkish-speaking children","volume":"6","author":"Yalcinkaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of International Advanced Otology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5539\/ijel.v2n5p72","article-title":"The sonority sequencing principle in Sanandaji\/Erdelani Kurdish: An optimality theoretical perspective","volume":"2","author":"Zahedi","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of English Linguistics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/17549507.2020.1758209","article-title":"Phonological development in Persian-speaking children: A cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"Zarifian","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0056","first-page":"5","article-title":"The percentage of vowel correct scale in Persian speaking children","volume":"12","author":"Zarifian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iranian Rehabilitation Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0057","first-page":"46","article-title":"Percentage of correct consonants in Persian speaking children and its psychometric features","volume":"13","author":"Zarifian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.8217","article-title":"Persian articulation assessment for children aged 3\u20136 Years: a validation study","volume":"27","author":"Zarifian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Communication Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021992421000642?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0021992421000642?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T09:26:52Z","timestamp":1758274012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0021992421000642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["S0021992421000642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-9924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-9924","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Phonological acquisition in 3- to 5-year-old Kurdish-Speaking children in Iran","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Communication Disorders","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2021.106141","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106141"}}