{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T15:36:32Z","timestamp":1791128192352,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,1]],"date-time":"2008-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Contaminant Hydrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,8]],"date-time":"2007-08-08T11:20:09Z","timestamp":1186572009000},"page":"76-91","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Performance evaluation of granular iron for removing hexavalent chromium under different geochemical conditions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Sung-Wook","family":"Jeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Blowes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Gillham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1021\/es950211h","article-title":"Reduction of nitro aromatic compounds by zero-valent iron metal","volume":"30","author":"Agrawal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib2","series-title":"MINTEQA2\/PRODEFA2, A Geochemical Assessment Model for Environmental Systems: Version 3.0 User's Manual. EPA-600\/3-91-021","author":"Allison","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib3","series-title":"Proc. 213th ACS National Meeting, April 13\u201317, San Francisco, CA","first-page":"243","article-title":"Design and installation of an in situ porous reactive wall for treatment of Cr(VI) and trichloroethylene in groundwater","author":"Bennett","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib4","series-title":"Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds\u20132004. Proc. Fourth International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, May 2004, Monterey, CA","article-title":"PRBs in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland: mainstreams, lessons learned, and new developments at 13 sites after six\u00a0years","author":"Birke","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib5","series-title":"Proc. Subsurface Restoration Conference, 3rd International Conference on Ground Water Quality Research, June 21\u201324, Dallas, TX","first-page":"214","article-title":"Geochemical remediation of groundwater by permeable reactive walls: removal of chromate by reaction with iron-bearing solids","author":"Blowes","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1021\/es960844b","article-title":"In-situ remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated groundwater using permeable reactive walls: laboratory studies","volume":"31","author":"Blowes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib7","series-title":"An In Situ Permeable Reactive Barrier for the Treatment of Hexavalent Chromium and Trichloroethylene in Ground Water: Volume 2, Performance Monitoring. EPA\/600\/R-99\/095b","author":"Blowes","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(00)00122-4","article-title":"Treatment of inorganic contaminants using permeable reactive barriers","volume":"45","author":"Blowes","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01269a023","article-title":"Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers","volume":"60","author":"Brunauer","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1021\/es960672i","article-title":"Kinetics and pH dependence of chromium(VI) reduction by iron(II)","volume":"31","author":"Buerge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1972.03615995003600020021x","article-title":"A simple titrimetric method for determination of inorganic carbon in soils","volume":"36","author":"Bundy","year":"1972","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3894(95)00016-N","article-title":"Zero-valent iron for the in situ remediation of selected metals in groundwater","volume":"42","author":"Cantrell","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-938X(91)90062-T","article-title":"Iron dissolution and passivation in K2CO3\u2013KHCO3 solutions. Rotating ring disc electrode and XPS studies","volume":"32","author":"Castro","year":"1991","journal-title":"Corros. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib14","series-title":"Lange's Handbook of Chemistry","author":"Dean","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1021\/es00173a018","article-title":"Chromate removal from aqueous wastes by reduction with ferrous ion","volume":"22","author":"Eary","year":"1988","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/maco.19760270504","article-title":"Ein dem Malachit \u00e4hnliches basisches Eisenkarbonat als Korrosionsprodukt von Stahl","volume":"27","author":"Erd\u00f6s","year":"1976","journal-title":"Werkst. Korros."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1021\/es950618m","article-title":"Kinetics of chromate reduction by ferrous iron","volume":"30","author":"Fendorf","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib18","series-title":"Groundwater","author":"Freeze","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(82)90016-1","article-title":"The kinetics of hexavalent chromium reduction by metallic iron","volume":"16","author":"Gould","year":"1982","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib20","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"Greenberg","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1021\/es0618393","article-title":"Precipitates on granular iron in solutions containing calcium carbonate with trichloroethene and hexavalent chromium","volume":"41","author":"Jeen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(03)00031-7","article-title":"Preferential flow path development and its influence on long-term PRB performance: column study","volume":"66","author":"Kamolpornwijit","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5757","DOI":"10.1021\/es035085t","article-title":"Identification and quantification of mineral precipitation in Fe0 filings from a column study","volume":"38","author":"Kamolpornwijit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib24","series-title":"Proc. FZK\/TNO International Conference on Contaminated Soil, September 18\u201322, Leipzig, Germany","first-page":"943","article-title":"Demonstration program on reactive barrier technologies using zero-valent iron","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib25","series-title":"Groundwater Quality: Natural and Enhanced Restoration of Groundwater Pollution. Proc. Groundwater Quality 2001, June 2001, Sheffield, UK","first-page":"409","article-title":"Removal of chromate in a permeable reactive barrier using zero-valent iron","volume":"vol. 275","author":"Kjeldsen","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1021\/es025965s","article-title":"Longevity of granular iron in groundwater treatment processes: solution composition effects on reduction of organohalides and nitroaromatic compounds","volume":"37","author":"Klausen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib27","series-title":"Manual of Mineralogy","author":"Klein","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-001-0443-5","article-title":"Degradation of chlorinated ethylenes by Fe0: inhibition processes and mineral precipitation","volume":"41","author":"K\u00f6ber","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib29","series-title":"Permeable Reactive Barriers. Proc. International Symposium, March 2004, Belfast, Northern Ireland","first-page":"144","article-title":"Evaluation of the hydraulic performance of a full-scale permeable reactive barrier by a tracer study","volume":"vol. 298","author":"Lai","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib30","series-title":"Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry","author":"Langmuir","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2005.0042.x","article-title":"Impact of mineral fouling on hydraulic behavior of permeable reactive barriers","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(99)00029-1","article-title":"Mineral precipitation and porosity losses in granular iron columns","volume":"68","author":"Mackenzie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3091","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR000234","article-title":"Reactive transport modeling of an in situ reactive barrier for the treatment of hexavalent chromium and trichloroethylene in groundwater","volume":"37","author":"Mayer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5006\/1.3585085","article-title":"The effect of dissolved CO2 and O2 on the corrosion of iron","volume":"46","author":"McIntire","year":"1990","journal-title":"Corrosion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1999.tb01117.x","article-title":"Hydraulic and geochemical performance of a permeable reactive barrier containing zero-valent iron, Denver Federal Center","volume":"37","author":"McMahon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1021\/es001923x","article-title":"Kinetics of soluble chromium removal from contaminated water by zerovalent iron media: corrosion inhibition and passive oxide effects","volume":"35","author":"Melitas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(01)00205-4","article-title":"Removal of As, Mn, Mo, Se, U, V and Zn from groundwater by zero-valent iron in a passive treatment cell: reaction progress modeling","volume":"56","author":"Morrison","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1021\/es052128s","article-title":"Early breakthrough of molybdenum and uranium in a permeable reactive barrier","volume":"40","author":"Morrison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(77)90215-0","article-title":"Thermochemical redox equilibria of ZoBell's solution","volume":"41","author":"Nordstrom","year":"1977","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.1998.tb01077.x","article-title":"Long-term performance of an in situ \u201ciron wall\u201d for remediation of VOCs","volume":"36","author":"O'Hannesin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1021\/es950053u","article-title":"Dechlorination of trichloroethene in aqueous solution using Fe0","volume":"30","author":"Orth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.919225","article-title":"Processes affecting the remediation of chromium-contaminated sites","volume":"92","author":"Palmer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1021\/es001005z","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a zerovalent iron reactive barrier: mineralogical characteristics","volume":"34","author":"Phillips","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2003.2033","article-title":"Mineralogical characteristics and transformations during long-term operation of a zerovalent iron reactive barrier","volume":"32","author":"Phillips","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1021\/es9607897","article-title":"Products of chromate reduction on proposed subsurface remediation material","volume":"31","author":"Pratt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(99)00034-5","article-title":"Long-term performance monitoring for a permeable reactive barrier at the U.S. Coast Guard Support Center, Elizabeth City, North Carolina","volume":"68","author":"Puls","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1021\/es00012a008","article-title":"Anaerobic corrosion of granular iron: measurement and interpretation of hydrogen evolution rates","volume":"29","author":"Reardon","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7311","DOI":"10.1021\/es050507f","article-title":"Zerovalent irons: styles of corrosion and inorganic control on hydrogen pressure buildup","volume":"39","author":"Reardon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00226.x","article-title":"Degradation of TCE with iron: the role of competing chromate and nitrate reduction","volume":"38","author":"Schlicker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib50","unstructured":"Schuhmacher, T.T., 1995. Identification of Precipitates Formed on Zero-Valent Iron in Anaerobic Aqueous Solutions. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(89)90063-X","article-title":"Chromium-for-iron substitution in synthetic goethites","volume":"53","author":"Schwertmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib52","volume":"vol. 2A","author":"U.S. EPA","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3894(99)00033-3","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a permeable reactive barrier for remediation of dissolved chlorinated solvents in groundwater","volume":"68","author":"Vogan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib54","series-title":"Permeable Reactive Barriers. Proc. International Symposium, March 2004, Belfast, Northern Ireland","first-page":"32","article-title":"The first commercial permeable reactive barrier composed of granular iron: hydraulic and chemical performance at 10\u00a0years of operation","volume":"vol. 298","author":"Warner","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(83)85226-8","article-title":"The behaviour of iron electrode in CO2-saturated neutral electrolyte \u2014 I. Electrochemical study","volume":"28","author":"Wieckowski","year":"1983","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2003.tb02383.x","article-title":"Long-term performance of permeable reactive barriers using zero-valent iron: geochemical and microbiological effects","volume":"41","author":"Wilkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4599","DOI":"10.1021\/es050157x","article-title":"Chromium-removal processes during groundwater remediation by a zerovalent iron permeable reactive barrier","volume":"39","author":"Wilkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib58","series-title":"EQ6, A Computer Program for Reaction Path Modeling of Aqueous Geochemical Systems: Theoretical Manual, User's Guide, and Related Documentation (Version 7.0). E1.28: UCRL-MA-110662Pt4","author":"Wolery","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6584.2005.tb02290.x","article-title":"Effects of gas generation and precipitates on performance of Fe0 PRBs","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ground Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012_bib60","first-page":"477","article-title":"Studies on redox potential of marine sediments","volume":"30","author":"ZoBell","year":"1946","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Contaminant Hydrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169772207001039?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169772207001039?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,5]],"date-time":"2019-01-05T09:56:49Z","timestamp":1546682209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169772207001039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0169772207001039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2007.07.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-7722"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-7722","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]}}}