{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:11:36Z","timestamp":1771513896385,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC06-76RLO 1830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC06-76RLO 1830"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011661","name":"Pacific Northwest National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Contaminant Hydrology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T23:43:43Z","timestamp":1767051823000},"page":"104837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Performance and longevity of colloidal silica gel in blocking vertical water flow and contaminant transport in the annuli of long-screened wells: Laboratory and numerical evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"277","author":[{"given":"Lirong","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonah A.","family":"Bartrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rob D.","family":"Mackley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Thomle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe G.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"30","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0005","article-title":"Rheological properties of colloidal silica grout for passive stabilization against liquefaction","volume":"2018","author":"Agapoulaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"issue":"2025","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0010","article-title":"Experimental investigation of the properties of collapsible soil stabilized by colloidal silica","volume":"15","author":"Bakhshandeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0262437","article-title":"Predicting gelation kinetics of colloidal silica for water shut-off treatments: a novel Arrhenius-based model","volume":"37","author":"Basilio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EN00046A","article-title":"Geochemical evidence for the application of nanoparticulate colloidal silica gel for in situ containment of legacy nuclear wastes","volume":"7","author":"Bots","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:9(833)","article-title":"Experimental study of horizontal barrier formation by colloidal silica","volume":"126","author":"Durmusoglu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2005.08.010","article-title":"Sealing narrow fractures with a Newtonian fluid model prediction for grouting verified by field study","volume":"21","author":"Funehag","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tunnel. Underground Space Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tust.2006.12.004","article-title":"Design of grouting with silica sol in hard rock\u2014new design criteria tested in the field, part II","volume":"23","author":"Funehag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tunnel. Underground Space Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:1(33)","article-title":"Stabilization of liquefiable soils using colloidal silica grout","volume":"19","author":"Gallagher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.01.065","article-title":"Hybrid life cycle assessment comparison of colloidal silica and cement grouted soil barrier remediation technologies","volume":"250\u2013251","author":"Gallagher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"2022","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13035-1","article-title":"Experimental characterization of colloidal silica gel for water conformance control in oil reservoirs","volume":"12","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1002\/2012WR013483","article-title":"Evaluating the performance of parallel subsurface simulators: an illustrative example with PFLOTRAN","volume":"50","author":"Hammond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0060","series-title":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Report LLNL-TR-639692","article-title":"Applications of geothermally-produced colloidal silica in reservoir management \u2013 smart gels","author":"Hunt","year":"2013"},{"issue":"04","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0065","first-page":"406","article-title":"Oilfield applications of colloidal silica gel","volume":"6","author":"Jurinak","year":"1991","journal-title":"SPE Prod. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(01)00204-2","article-title":"Gel barrier formation in unsaturated porous media","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1998","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(97)00141-6","article-title":"Diffusion of chromium ions in polymer\/silicate gels","volume":"141","author":"Lakatos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0080","series-title":"EGU General Assembly 2023, Vienna, Austria, 24\u201328 Apr 2023, EGU23\u201314788","article-title":"The potential for colloidal silica grout in multi-barrier systems for geological disposal","author":"Lunn","year":"2023"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9090715","article-title":"Rheology of gels and yielding liquids","volume":"9","author":"Malkin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2025.136290","article-title":"Analyzing the sol-gel transition of colloidal silica suspensions using time-resolved rheometry","author":"Noppari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0095","series-title":"The application of nano-silica gel in sealing well micro-annuli and cement channeling","author":"Olayiwola","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:6(461)","article-title":"Effect of dilution and contaminants on sand grouted with colloidal silica","volume":"125","author":"Persoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/7.2.155","article-title":"An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives","volume":"7","author":"Powell","year":"1964","journal-title":"Comput. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13081218","article-title":"Applicability of the Cox-Merz rule to high-density polyethylene materials with various molecular masses","volume":"13","author":"Rathner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2016.03.027","article-title":"Effects of shear-thinning fluids on residual oil formation in microfluidic pore networks","volume":"472","author":"Rodriguez de Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"2012","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00397-011-0612-8","article-title":"An intriguing empirical rule for computing the first normal stress difference from steady shear viscosity data for concentrated polymer solutions and melts","volume":"51","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheol. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-018-0138-1","article-title":"Silica sol as grouting material: a physio-chemical analysis","volume":"5","author":"S\u00f6gaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Converg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2018.02.020","article-title":"The long term stability of silica gels in waters of different ionic composition and pH values","volume":"544","author":"S\u00f6gaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125872","article-title":"Hofmeister effects in the gelling of silica nanoparticles in the mixed salt solutions","volume":"611","author":"S\u00f6gaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.04.173","article-title":"Persistence of chromate in vadose zone and aquifer sediments in Hanford, Washington","volume":"676","author":"Szecsody","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.1021\/es0342704","article-title":"Estimation of diffusion coefficient of chromium in colloidal silica using digital photography","volume":"38","author":"Tantemsapya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bib186","first-page":"20051","article-title":"Evaluation of in gitu grouting as a potential remediation method for the hanford central plateau deep vadose zone","author":"Truex","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2018.06.011","article-title":"A study on the mechanical interaction between soil and colloidal silica gel for ground improvement","volume":"243","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/ees.2017.0040","article-title":"Rheological properties of aqueous colloidal silica suspensions related to amendment delivery for subsurface remediation","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EM00559K","article-title":"Injectable silica\u2013permanganate gel as a slow-release MnO4\u2212 source for groundwater remediation: rheological properties and release dynamics","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process Impacts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0160","series-title":"Remediation of Chromium Contaminated Soils with Colloidal Silica. Dissertation","author":"Yossapol","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.04.074","article-title":"Enhanced remedial amendment delivery to subsurface using shear thinning fluid and aqueous foam","volume":"191","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"2013","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.11.028","article-title":"Rheological behavior of xanthan gum solution related to shear thinning fluid delivery for subsurface remediation","volume":"244\u2013245","author":"Zhong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2017.09.0175","article-title":"Establishing vadose zone slow-release carbon sources for enhanced bioremediation using silica suspension","volume":"17","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1381577","article-title":"Applying colloidal silica suspensions injection and sequential gelation to block vertical water flow in well annulus: laboratory testing on rheology, gelation, and injection","volume":"12","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104510","article-title":"Establishing a silica gel zone in well annulus and evaluating its performance in blocking vertical water flow","volume":"269","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Contaminant Hydrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169772225003420?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169772225003420?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T14:20:23Z","timestamp":1771510823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169772225003420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0169772225003420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-7722"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-7722","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Performance and longevity of colloidal silica gel in blocking vertical water flow and contaminant transport in the annuli of long-screened wells: Laboratory and numerical evaluation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2025.104837","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Battelle Memorial Institute. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104837"}}