{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T22:48:12Z","timestamp":1794350892876,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","journal-cot.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T13:47:10Z","timestamp":1760536030000},"page":"103240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Artificial intelligence in severe rigid Scoliosis: Opportunities, challenges, and the road ahead"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9182-4851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Regmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bishwa Bandhu","family":"Niraula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib1","article-title":"Strategies and manoeuvres for severe rigid scoliosis","volume":"70","author":"Menon","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2015.12.005","article-title":"Staged anterior release and posterior instrumentation in correction of severe rigid scoliosis (Cobb angle >100 degrees)","volume":"4","author":"Kandwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2396","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14072396","article-title":"Techniques of deformity correction in adolescent idiopathic Scoliosis\u2014A narrative review of the existing literature","volume":"14","author":"Jain","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.5444","article-title":"Predictive analytics and artificial intelligence in surgery\u2014opportunities and risks","volume":"158","author":"Colborn","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7382","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237382","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in scoliosis: current applications and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70260","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in orthopedic surgery: current applications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-024-00940-w","article-title":"Applications of artificial intelligence for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: mapping the evidence","volume":"12","author":"Goldman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13162658","article-title":"An automated deep learning approach for spine segmentation and vertebrae recognition using computed tomography images","volume":"13","author":"Saeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2023.3258361","article-title":"VLTENet: a deep-learning-based vertebra localization and tilt estimation network for automatic cobb angle estimation","volume":"27","author":"Zou","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE J Biomed Health Inform"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.01.022","article-title":"An algorithm for using deep learning convolutional neural networks with three dimensional depth sensor imaging in scoliosis detection","volume":"21","author":"Kokabu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14121263","article-title":"Deep learning-based prediction model for the Cobb angle in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients","volume":"14","author":"Chui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.07.449","article-title":"Artificial neural networks assessing adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: comparison with Lenke classification","volume":"13","author":"Phan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine J Off J North Am Spine Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.SPINE231252","article-title":"Development and validation of an artificial intelligence model to accurately predict spinopelvic parameters","volume":"41","author":"Harake","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-022-07437-y","article-title":"Restoration of thoracic kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with patient-specific rods: did the preoperative plan match postoperative sagittal alignment?","volume":"32","author":"Thomas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-021-00385-5","article-title":"Does intraoperative CT navigation increase the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in pediatric spinal deformity surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Baldwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.103027","article-title":"Automatic registration with continuous pose updates for marker-less surgical navigation in spine surgery","volume":"91","author":"Liebmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1328","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001598","article-title":"Development of validated computer-based preoperative predictive model for Proximal Junction Failure (PJF) or clinically significant PJK with 86% accuracy based on 510 ASD patients with 2-year Follow-up","volume":"41","author":"Scheer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.559387","article-title":"Prediction of proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior scoliosis surgery with machine learning in the lenke 5 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patient","volume":"8","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105718","article-title":"Using artificial intelligence (AI) to predict postoperative surgical site infection: a retrospective cohort of 4046 posterior spinal fusions","volume":"192","author":"Hopkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOSGlobal-D-24-00405","article-title":"The application of artificial intelligence in spine surgery: a scoping review","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAAOS Glob Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s13755-025-00343-9","article-title":"Enhanced prediction of spine surgery outcomes using advanced machine learning techniques and oversampling methods","volume":"13","author":"Ben\u00edtez-Andrades","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Inf Sci Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.746902","article-title":"Surgical outcome prediction using a four-dimensional planning simulation system with finite element analysis incorporating pre-bent rods in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: simulation for spatiotemporal anatomical correction technique","volume":"9","author":"Tachi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib23","first-page":"494","article-title":"Prediction of fusion rod curvature angles in posterior scoliosis correction using artificial intelligence","volume":"12","author":"Abedi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Bone Jt Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.21037\/jss-24-1","article-title":"Pre-contoured patient-specific rods result in superior immediate sagittal plane alignment than surgeon contoured rods in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"10","author":"Jabbouri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Spine Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13040602","article-title":"Clinical application of personalized digital surgical planning and precise execution for severe and complex adult spinal deformity correction utilizing 3D printing techniques","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Personalized Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib26","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"1","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-021-00334-2","article-title":"The Scoliosis research society adult spinal deformity standard outcome set","volume":"9","author":"de Kleuver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine Deform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib28","article-title":"Image quality control in Lumbar spine radiography using enhanced U-Net neural networks","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-023-10179-8","article-title":"Interpreting black-box models: a review on explainable artificial intelligence","volume":"16","author":"Hassija","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn Comput"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib30","first-page":"93:1","article-title":"A survey of methods for explaining black box models","volume":"51","author":"Guidotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Comput Surv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib31","first-page":"9","article-title":"Robotic-assisted spine surgery: history, efficacy, cost, and future trends","volume":"6","author":"D'Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Robot Surg Auckl"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib32","first-page":"22","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in surgery: the future is now","volume":"65","author":"Guni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Surg Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib33","first-page":"1828","article-title":"A responsible framework for applying artificial intelligence on medical images and signals at the point of care: the PACS-AI platform","volume":"40","author":"Theriault-Lauzier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib34","first-page":"57","article-title":"The use of AI in medicine: health data, privacy risks and more","author":"Boris","year":"2024","journal-title":"Leg Issues Digit Age"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682241266787","article-title":"Representation and race in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis research: disparities in curve magnitude and Follow-Up","volume":"15","author":"Todderud","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.20517\/ais.2024.34","article-title":"Beyond AI and robotics: the dawn of surgical automation in spine surgery","volume":"4","author":"Sadagopan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Artif Intell Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/rcs.1968","article-title":"Legal, regulatory, and ethical frameworks for development of standards in artificial intelligence (AI) and autonomous robotic surgery","volume":"15","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Med Robot"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5495","article-title":"A narrative review of machine learning as promising revolution in clinical practice of scoliosis","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2025.26.2.1921","article-title":"Privacy-preserving federated learning for multi-institutional healthcare systems","volume":"26","author":"Akavaram","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Adv Res Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2019.12.024","article-title":"Creating artificial images for radiology applications using generative adversarial networks (GANs) \u2013 a systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Sorin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1992","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682241277771","article-title":"Explainable machine learning approach to prediction of prolonged intensive care unit stay in adult spinal deformity patients: machine learning outperforms logistic regression","volume":"15","author":"Zaidat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvir.2023.100919","article-title":"Virtual and augmented reality in interventional radiology: current applications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Elsakka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tech Vasc Intervent Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12627","article-title":"Digital twin systems for musculoskeletal applications: a current concepts review","volume":"33","author":"Diniz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.30579\/mbse.2025.8.1.14","article-title":"Reliability analysis of automated Cobb angle measurement using artificial intelligence models in scoliosis patients","volume":"8","author":"Moon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Biol Sci Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib45","article-title":"Patient autonomy in medical education: navigating ethical challenges in the age of artificial intelligence","volume":"61","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inq J Health Care Organ Provis Financ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"60","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun ACM"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0976566225003388?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0976566225003388?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T22:10:59Z","timestamp":1764627059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0976566225003388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0976566225003388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240","relation":{},"ISSN":["0976-5662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0976-5662","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Artificial intelligence in severe rigid Scoliosis: Opportunities, challenges, and the road ahead","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcot.2025.103240","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Delhi Orthopedic Association. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103240"}}