{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:02:15Z","timestamp":1791234135113,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Critical Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T18:04:17Z","timestamp":1622829857000},"page":"126-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Critically ill patients with severe immune checkpoint inhibitor related neurotoxicity: A multi-center case series"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Prabalini","family":"Rajendram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Torbic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Duggal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeannee","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Hovden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Dhawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Pastores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003466","article-title":"Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"363","author":"Hodi","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70076-8","article-title":"Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma who progressed after anti-CTLA-4 treatment (CheckMate 037): a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"16","author":"Weber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507643","article-title":"Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung Cancer","volume":"373","author":"Borghaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602252","article-title":"Nivolumab for recurrent squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck","volume":"375","author":"Ferris","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31827-5","article-title":"Nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer refractory to, or intolerant of, at least two previous chemotherapy regimens (ONO-4538-12, ATTRACTION-2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"390","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1510665","article-title":"Nivolumab versus Everolimus in advanced renal-cell carcinoma","volume":"373","author":"Motzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613683","article-title":"Pembrolizumab as second-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma","volume":"376","author":"Bellmunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5256.1734","article-title":"Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade","volume":"271","author":"Leach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3239","article-title":"The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Pardoll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3384","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI80011","article-title":"Anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 therapy of human cancer: past, present, and future","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0055","article-title":"The most recent oncologic emergency: what emergency physicians need to know about the potential complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Simmons","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0300-z","article-title":"Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: consensus recommendations from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) Toxicity Management Working Group","volume":"5","author":"Puzanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385","article-title":"Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline","volume":"36","author":"Brahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv42","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx225","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Haanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.12.001","article-title":"Neurological adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: review of the literature","volume":"73","author":"Cuzzubbo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2018-0359","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Neurologic Toxicity: illustrative case and review of the literature","volume":"24","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","article-title":"Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma","volume":"373","author":"Larkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw558","article-title":"Neurotoxicity from immune-checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of melanoma: a single Centre experience and review of the literature","volume":"28","author":"Spain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.02.024","article-title":"Neurological, respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiac and ocular side-effects of anti-PD-1 therapy","volume":"60","author":"Zimmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053745","article-title":"The price of tumor control: an analysis of rare side effects of anti-CTLA-4 therapy in metastatic melanoma from the ipilimumab network","volume":"8","author":"Voskens","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.9019","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis induced by Ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0487","article-title":"Neurologic serious adverse events associated with Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab or Nivolumab alone in advanced melanoma, including a case series of encephalitis","volume":"22","author":"Larkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-018-0393-z","article-title":"Neurologic immune-related adverse events associated with adjuvant ipilimumab: report of two cases","volume":"6","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000546","article-title":"Immune-mediated encephalitis for the infectious disease specialist","volume":"32","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit458","article-title":"Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium","volume":"57","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00401-9","article-title":"A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis","volume":"15","author":"Graus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.01.008","article-title":"Diagnostic approach to encephalitis and meningoencephalitis in adult returning travellers","volume":"25","author":"Kenfak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70122-1","article-title":"Adjuvant ipilimumab versus placebo after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma (EORTC 18071): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial","volume":"16","author":"Eggermont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0145","first-page":"139","article-title":"Non-neurological organ dysfunction in neurocritical care: impact on outcome and etiological considerations","volume":"11","author":"Zygun","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25708","article-title":"Severe neurological toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: growing Spectrum","volume":"87","author":"Dubey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000230","article-title":"Risk of neurological toxicities following the use of different immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0","article-title":"Adverse effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: epidemiology, management and surveillance","volume":"16","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2020.0012","article-title":"NCCN guidelines insights: Management of Immunotherapy-Related Toxicities, version 1.2020","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm004","article-title":"Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"130","author":"Hughes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.61.6.736","article-title":"Practice parameter: immunotherapy for Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: report of the quality standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of neurology","volume":"61","author":"Hughes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1086\/589747","article-title":"The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"47","author":"Tunkel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0185","first-page":"314","article-title":"Aseptic and bacterial meningitis: evaluation, treatment, and prevention","volume":"96","author":"Mount","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002790","article-title":"International consensus guidance for management of myasthenia gravis: executive summary","volume":"87","author":"Sanders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0352-8","article-title":"Moving towards personalized treatments of immune-related adverse events","volume":"17","author":"Esfahani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0883944121001076?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0883944121001076?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:48:26Z","timestamp":1760125706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0883944121001076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0883944121001076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-9441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-9441","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Critically ill patients with severe immune checkpoint inhibitor related neurotoxicity: A multi-center case series","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Critical Care","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2021.05.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}