{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:06:56Z","timestamp":1792642016276,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":222,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017540","name":"National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Division of Intramural Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HL168102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL168102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017540","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Critical Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T12:36:21Z","timestamp":1757594181000},"page":"155252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sedation practices and associated clinical outcomes among adult ICU patients managed by advanced practice providers versus resident physicians"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"Dzierba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Peeler-Remy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Brodie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis L.","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy R.","family":"Beitler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU","volume":"46","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000264747.09017.da","article-title":"Current practices in sedation and analgesia for mechanically ventilated critically ill patients","volume":"106","author":"Payen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0015","article-title":"What are the perceptions of intensive care staff about their sedation practices when caring for a mechanically ventilated patient?: a systematic mixed-methods review","volume":"4","author":"Varga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud Adv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0020","article-title":"Improving outcomes in mechanically ventilated adult ICU patients following implementation of the ICU liberation (ABCDEF) bundle across a large healthcare system","volume":"6","author":"Barr","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003667","article-title":"Impact of the advanced practice provider in adult critical care: a systematic review and Meta-analysis*","volume":"47","author":"Kreeftenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318225776f","article-title":"The accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education resident duty hour new standards: history, changes, and impact on staffing of intensive care units*","volume":"39","author":"Pastores","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003925","article-title":"Nurse practitioners and physician assistants in acute and critical care: a concise review of the literature and data 2008\u20132018","volume":"47","author":"Kleinpell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199811000-00016","article-title":"Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction\/failure in intensive care units: results of a multicenter, prospective study. Working group on \u201csepsis-related problems\u201d of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"26","author":"Vincent","year":"1998","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.13872","article-title":"Daily sedation interruption in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients cared for with a sedation protocol: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"308","author":"Mehta","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2983","article-title":"Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS)","volume":"289","author":"Ely","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2107138","article-title":"The Richmond agitation\u2013sedation scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients","volume":"166","author":"Sessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc2006.15.4.420","article-title":"Validation of the critical-care pain observation tool in adult patients","volume":"15","author":"G\u00e9linas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.07.005","article-title":"Validity of four pain intensity rating scales","volume":"152","author":"Ferreira-Valente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"446","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474144","article-title":"A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk","volume":"94","author":"Fine","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000162736.06947.E3","article-title":"Physician extenders impact trauma systems","volume":"58","author":"Christmas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NCQ.0000323286.56397.8c","article-title":"Critical care nurse practitioners improve compliance with clinical practice guidelines in \u201cSemiclosed\u201d surgical intensive care unit","volume":"23","author":"Gracias","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nurs Care Qual"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/NNA.0000000000000031","article-title":"Quality and financial impact of adding nurse practitioners to inpatient care teams","volume":"44","author":"Kapu","year":"2014","journal-title":"JONA J Nurs Adm"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4037\/ajcc1998.7.4.267","article-title":"Care activities and outcomes of patients cared for by acute care nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and resident physicians: a comparison","volume":"7","author":"Rudy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201107-1261CP","article-title":"The use of nonphysician providers in adult intensive care units","volume":"185","author":"Gershengorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/01720610-201101000-00008","article-title":"MICU care delivered by PAs versus residents: do PAs measure up?: J am Acad","volume":"24","author":"Kawar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physician Assist"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2015.12.015","article-title":"Outcomes of nurse practitioner-delivered critical care","volume":"149","author":"Landsperger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002055","article-title":"A comparison of usage and outcomes between nurse practitioner and resident-staffed medical ICUs","volume":"45","author":"Scherzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2021.10.004","article-title":"Outcomes of daytime nurse practitioner\u2013staffed versus resident-staffed nonsurgical intensive care units: a retrospective observational study","volume":"35","author":"Liao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10-2648","article-title":"Impact of nonphysician staffing on outcomes in a medical ICU","volume":"139","author":"Gershengorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2015.05.036","article-title":"Impact of advanced practice providers (nurse practitioners and physician assistants) on surgical residents\u2019 critical care experience","volume":"199","author":"Kahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0130","series-title":"Effect of Intensive Care Provided by Nurse Practitioners for Postoperative Patients: A Retrospective Observational Before-and-after Study","author":"Mori","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181aabc29","article-title":"Critically ill patients need \u201cFAST HUGS BID\u201d (an updated mnemonic)","volume":"37","author":"Vincent","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003482","article-title":"Caring for critically ill patients with the ABCDEF bundle: results of the ICU liberation collaborative in over 15,000 adults","volume":"47","author":"Pun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.4.1151","article-title":"Propofol vs midazolam for ICU sedation","volume":"119","author":"Hall","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.103.2.557","article-title":"Propofol vs midazolam in short-, medium-, and long-term sedation of critically III patients","volume":"103","author":"Carrasco","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182783b72","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit","volume":"41","author":"Barr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-019-0379-z","article-title":"International analgesia, sedation, and delirium practices: a prospective cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Owen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-00985-y","article-title":"Practices in sedation, analgesia, mobilization, delirium, and sleep deprivation in adult intensive care units (SAMDS-ICU): an international survey before and during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Luz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04042-9","article-title":"A dual-center cohort study on the association between early deep sedation and clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: the COVID-SED study","volume":"26","author":"Stephens","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000215513.63207.7F","article-title":"A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients*","volume":"34","author":"Carson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Critical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0883944125002394?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0883944125002394?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:43:11Z","timestamp":1787139791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0883944125002394"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0883944125002394"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252","relation":{},"ISSN":["0883-9441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0883-9441","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sedation practices and associated clinical outcomes among adult ICU patients managed by advanced practice providers versus resident physicians","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Critical Care","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2025.155252","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"155252"}}