{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T01:09:13Z","timestamp":1773277753604,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]],"date-time":"2008-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1207008000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,2,22]],"date-time":"2008-02-22T17:17:33Z","timestamp":1203700653000},"page":"255-263","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Factors associated with hepatitis C viremia in a large cohort of HIV-infected and -uninfected women"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Eva A.","family":"Operskalski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy J.","family":"Mack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard D.","family":"Strickler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey L.","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Augenbraun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phyllis C.","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria C.","family":"Villacres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LaShonda Y.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"DeGiacomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908193410802","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994","volume":"341","author":"Alter","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00004","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1999 through 2002","volume":"144","author":"Armstrong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.9.1013-1019.2005","article-title":"The Women's Interagency HIV Study: an observational cohort brings clinical sciences to the bench","volume":"12","author":"Bacon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.5.9704146","article-title":"Marijuana and cocaine impair alveolar macrophage function and cytokine production","volume":"156","author":"Baldwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2005.00682.x","article-title":"Black patients with chronic hepatitis C have a lower sustained viral response rate than non-Blacks with genotype 1, but the same with genotypes 2\/3, and this is not explained by more frequent dose reductions of interferon and ribavirin","volume":"13","author":"Brau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.00745.x","article-title":"Correlates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA negativity among HCV-seropositive blood donors","volume":"46","author":"Busch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib7","first-page":"19","article-title":"Morphine potentiates transforming growth factor-beta release from human peripheral mononuclear cell cultures","volume":"262","author":"Chao","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(93)90057-6","article-title":"Morphine inhibits the release of tumor necrosis factor in human peripheral mononuclear cell cultures","volume":"15","author":"Chao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80106-5","article-title":"Molecular analysis of intraspousal transmission of hepatitis C virus","volume":"22","author":"Chayama","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199510000-00003","article-title":"High hepatitis C viremia and impaired antibody response in patients co-infected with HIV","volume":"9","author":"Cribier","year":"1995","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200104150-00011","article-title":"Relation between HIV-1 and hepatitis C viral load in patients with hemophilia","volume":"26","author":"Daar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00390-3","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus: clinical issues in co-infection","volume":"107","author":"Dieterich","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000218360.28712.f3","article-title":"Predictors of hepatitis C virus RNA levels in a prospective cohort study of drug users","volume":"41","author":"Fishbein","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.209-219.2003","article-title":"Microbial infections, immunomodulation, and drugs of abuse","volume":"16","author":"Friedman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280634","article-title":"Sequential serum hepatitis C viral RNA levels longitudinally assessed by branched DNA signal amplification","volume":"28","author":"Gordon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.1.126","article-title":"Impact of smoking on histological liver lesions in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"52","author":"Hezode","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20733","article-title":"Daily cannabis smoking as a risk factor for progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"42","author":"Hezode","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1086\/315396","article-title":"Virus load and risk of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus by men with hemophilia","volume":"181","author":"Hisada","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.26511","article-title":"Role of hepatitis B, C, and D viruses in dual and triple infection: influence of viral genotypes and hepatitis B precore and basal core promotor mutations on viral replicative interference","volume":"34","author":"Jardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib20","series-title":"Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base","author":"Joy","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(97)00080-2","article-title":"The effects of nicotine on the immune system","volume":"23","author":"McAllister-Sistilli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1086\/383479","article-title":"Relationship between smoking and human papillomavirus infections in HIV-infected and -uninfected women","volume":"189","author":"Minkoff","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.4.601","article-title":"Hepatitis C and HIV-1 co-infection","volume":"51","author":"Mohsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(90)90053-S","article-title":"Effects of alcohol and nicotine on cytotoxic functions of human lymphocytes","volume":"54","author":"Nair","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib25","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement. Management of hepatitis C: 2002. June 10\u201312, 2002. Available at: http:\/\/consensus.nih.gov\/2002\/2002HepatitisC2002116html.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2000.107751","article-title":"Suppression of human IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1 production by cigarette smoke extracts","volume":"106","author":"Ouyang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25385","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and hepatic lesions in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"34","author":"Pessione","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113140","article-title":"Opioid-mediated suppression of interferon-gamma production by cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"80","author":"Peterson","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840400419","article-title":"Influence of alcohol use, race, and viral co-infections on spontaneous HCV clearance in a US veteran population","volume":"40","author":"Piasecki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20944","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation reveals a complex spectrum of virological profiles in hepatitis B virus\/hepatitis C virus-co-infected patients","volume":"43","author":"Raimondo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1086\/339012","article-title":"Cocaine enhances human immunodeficiency virus replication in a model of severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with human peripheral blood leukocytes","volume":"185","author":"Roth","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2005.10.006","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus superinfection in hepatitis B virus chronic carriers: a reciprocal viral interaction and a variable clinical course","volume":"35","author":"Sagnelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.10.2679-2682.1993","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of hepatitis C virus RNA in patients with concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infections","volume":"31","author":"Sherman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1086\/321005","article-title":"Racial differences in HLA class II associations with hepatitis C virus outcomes","volume":"184","author":"Thio","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.4.450","article-title":"The natural history of hepatitis C virus infection: host, viral, and environmental factors","volume":"284","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1086\/315314","article-title":"Determinants of the quantity of hepatitis C virus RNA","volume":"181","author":"Thomas","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1086\/319256","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of hepatitis C RNA levels among female injection drug users","volume":"183","author":"Thomas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2005.05.003","article-title":"Natural history of hepatitis C","volume":"9","author":"Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/174.4.690","article-title":"Effect of human immunodeficiency virus on hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users","volume":"174","author":"Thomas","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1086\/515315","article-title":"Perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected mothers. Women and Infants Transmission Study","volume":"177","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040842","article-title":"Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients","volume":"351","author":"Torriani","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510290311","article-title":"Persistence of viremia and the importance of long-term follow-up after acute hepatitis C infection","volume":"29","author":"Villano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh200","article-title":"Interaction between HIV-1 and HCV infections: towards a new entity?","volume":"53","author":"Winnock","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2001.00302.x","article-title":"Stability of HCV-RNA level and its lack of correlation with disease severity in a symptomatic chronic hepatitis C virus carriers","volume":"8","author":"Yeo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-2781","article-title":"Correlates of spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus among people with hemophilia","volume":"107","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386653207004180?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386653207004180?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T06:14:00Z","timestamp":1588400040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1386653207004180"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1386653207004180"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.08.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-6532"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-6532","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,4]]}}}