{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T03:25:53Z","timestamp":1752549953032,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T15:58:34Z","timestamp":1748447914000},"page":"105807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of emergent or evolving HIV drug resistance in low\u00a0viral load specimens in British Columbia, Canada"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Hanwei","family":"Sudderuddin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte Johanna","family":"Beelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melanie C.M.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviane D.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julio S.G.","family":"Montaner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2722-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanson J.","family":"Brumme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1086\/427212","article-title":"Prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in chronically HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients: implications for routine resistance screening before initiation of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"40","author":"Novak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e32834732e8","article-title":"Genotypic resistance testing in routine clinical care","volume":"6","author":"Dunn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000588","article-title":"HIV treatment and prevention 2019: current standards of care","volume":"15","author":"Phanuphak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F83","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200006160-00001","article-title":"A randomized study of antiretroviral management based on plasma genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing in patients failing therapy. CPCRA 046 Study Team for the Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS","volume":"14","author":"Baxter","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.05.004","article-title":"Management of virologic failure and HIV drug resistance","volume":"33","author":"McCluskey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib6","first-page":"27","article-title":"State of the art in HIV drug resistance: science and technology knowledge gap","volume":"20","author":"Boucher","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1086\/313861","article-title":"Clinical utility of testing human immunodeficiency virus for drug resistance","volume":"30","author":"Harrigan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis.\u00a0Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib8","first-page":"292","article-title":"HIV-1 drug resistance and resistance testing","volume":"46","author":"Clutter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol. J. Mol. Epidemiol. Evol. Genet. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03610-y","article-title":"Burden and associated factors of virological failure among people living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Agegnehu","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000203","article-title":"HIV drug resistance detected during low-level viraemia is associated with subsequent virologic failure","volume":"28","author":"Swenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu019","article-title":"Performance of HIV-1 drug resistance testing at low-level viremia and its ability to predict future virologic outcomes and viral evolution in treatment-naive individuals","volume":"58","author":"Gonzalez-Serna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu020","article-title":"Reliability and clinical relevance of the HIV-1 drug resistance test in patients with low viremia levels","volume":"58","author":"Santoro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib13","article-title":"Characteristics of drug resistance mutations in ART-experienced HIV-1 patients with low-level viremia in Zhengzhou City, China","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1086\/595707","article-title":"Detection of HIV type 1 load by the Roche Cobas TaqMan assay in patients with viral loads previously undetectable by the Roche Cobas Amplicor Monitor","volume":"48","author":"Gatanaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31819e721b","article-title":"Increased reporting of detectable plasma HIV-1 RNA levels at the critical threshold of 50copies per milliliter with the Taqman assay in comparison to the Amplicor assay","volume":"51","author":"Lima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2010.01.008","article-title":"Viral load assay sensitivity and low level viremia in HAART treated HIV patients","volume":"47","author":"Verhofstede","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol. Off. Publ. Pan Am. Soc. Clin. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4236\/wja.2013.32010","article-title":"HIV drug resistance profiles and clinical outcomes in patients with viremia maintained at very low levels","volume":"3","author":"Jordan","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. AIDS"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199905273402101","article-title":"Quantifying residual HIV-1 replication in patients receiving combination antiretroviral therapy","volume":"340","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200205030-00010","article-title":"Drug resistance at low viraemia in HIV-1-infected patients with antiretroviral combination therapy","volume":"16","author":"Aleman","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1086\/651618","article-title":"Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients with low-level viremia","volume":"201","author":"Mackie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir353","article-title":"Antiretroviral drug resistance in HIV-1-infected patients experiencing persistent low-level viremia during first-line therapy","volume":"204","author":"Taiwo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5998","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01217-12","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations among patients on antiretroviral therapy with detectable low-level viremia","volume":"56","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib23","first-page":"219","article-title":"HIV mutagenesis and the evolution of antiretroviral drug resistance","volume":"5","author":"Mansky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat. Rev. Comment Antimicrob. Anticancer Chemother."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-020-03825-7","article-title":"Evolution of drug resistance in HIV protease","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit529","article-title":"Virologic failure following persistent low-level viremia in a cohort of HIV-positive patients: results from 12 years of observation","volume":"57","author":"Laprise","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac762","article-title":"Virologic failure following low-level viremia and viral blips during antiretroviral therapy: results from a European multicenter cohort","volume":"76","author":"Elvstam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199905070-00008","article-title":"The use of plasma HIV RNA as a study endpoint in efficacy trials of antiretroviral drugs","volume":"13","author":"Murray","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2008.00607.x","article-title":"Genotypic antiretroviral drug resistance testing at low viral loads in the UK","volume":"9","author":"Cane","year":"2008","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1086\/423388","article-title":"Genotypic resistance in HIV-1-infected patients with persistently detectable low-level viremia while receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"39","author":"Nettles","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib30","unstructured":"BC Centre for Excellence in HIV\/AIDS, BC-CfE Therapeutic Guidelines: Antiretroviral Treatment of Adult HIV Infection, 2023. \u3008https:\/\/bccfe.ca\/bccfe-documents\/therapeutic-guidelines-for-antiretroviral-arv-treatment-of-adult-hiv-infection\/\u3009 (Accessed April 22, 2025)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171155","article-title":"Estimation of measurement error in plasma HIV-1 RNA assays near their limit of quantification","volume":"12","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003841","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination on HIV viremia and reservoir size","volume":"38","author":"Duncan","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06689-11","article-title":"Automating HIV drug resistance genotyping with RECall, a freely accessible sequence analysis tool","volume":"50","author":"Woods","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1086\/503914","article-title":"Web resources for HIV type 1 genotypic-resistance test interpretation","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1086\/428852","article-title":"HIV-1 drug resistance: degree of underestimation by a cross-sectional versus a longitudinal testing approach","volume":"191","author":"Harrigan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181f2ac87","article-title":"Risk of viral failure declines with duration of suppression on highly active antiretroviral therapy irrespective of adherence level","volume":"55","author":"Lima","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.12.012","article-title":"Housing in crisis: a qualitative study of the socio-legal contexts of residential evictions in Vancouver\u2019s Downtown Eastside","volume":"71","author":"Fleming","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib38","first-page":"559","article-title":"Research on a vulnerable neighborhood-the vancouver downtown eastside from 2001 to 2011","volume":"90","author":"Linden","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urban Health Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib39","first-page":"488","article-title":"Access and utilization of HIV treatment and services among women sex workers in Vancouver\u2019s Downtown Eastside","volume":"82","author":"Shannon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Urban Health Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4236\/wja.2013.32010","article-title":"HIV drug resistance profiles and clinical outcomes in patients with viremia maintained at very low levels","volume":"3","author":"Jordan","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000203","article-title":"HIV drug resistance detected during low-level viraemia is associated with subsequent virologic failure","volume":"28","author":"Swenson","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab220","article-title":"Feasibility and clinical relevance of HIV-1 drug resistance testing in patients with low-level viraemia in South Africa","volume":"76","author":"Bangalee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9404","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.11.9404-9412.1999","article-title":"Evolution of envelope sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cellular reservoirs in the setting of potent antiviral therapy","volume":"73","author":"G\u00fcnthard","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5847","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138099","article-title":"HIV-1 viremia not suppressible by antiretroviral therapy can originate from large T cell clones producing infectious virus","volume":"130","author":"Halvas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386653225000496?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386653225000496?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T21:20:58Z","timestamp":1749504058000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1386653225000496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S1386653225000496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-6532"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1386-6532"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical and sociodemographic correlates of emergent or evolving HIV drug resistance in low\u00a0viral load specimens in British Columbia, Canada","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105807","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105807"}}