{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T13:24:43Z","timestamp":1779197083313,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014846","name":"Groupe Pasteur Mutualit\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014846","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T15:13:24Z","timestamp":1764515604000},"page":"105903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Fourth generation HIV rapid diagnostic test: Adequate sensitivity in HIV primary infection settings?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"182","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-3771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Guiraud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Ben Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Piccin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ay","family":"Ling Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Gautheret-Dejean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib1","unstructured":"World Health Orgagnization, HIV data and statistics, 2024 (n.d.). \u3008https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes\/hiv\/strategic-information\/hiv-data-and-statistics\u3009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00620-24","article-title":"Evaluation of a point-of-care rapid HIV antibody test with insights into acute HIV symptomatology in a population with low prevalence","volume":"62","author":"Bui","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104282","article-title":"Performance evaluation of four point-of-care HIV tests using unprocessed specimens","volume":"124","author":"Chavez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116706","article-title":"Evaluating the accuracy of multiple rapid diagnostic tests for HIV detection in serum samples analysed during point-of-care proficiency testing assessments","volume":"111","author":"Blasich","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib5","article-title":"A qualitative study of HIV testing experiences and HIV self-testing perspectives among men in northern Nigeria","volume":"2024","author":"Iliyasu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nurs. Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v47i02a03","article-title":"Understanding barriers and facilitators to HIV testing in Canada from 2009 to 2019: A systematic mixed studies review","volume":"47","author":"Laprise","year":"2021","journal-title":"CCDR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000921","article-title":"Public health implications of diagnosing and treating acute HIV","volume":"20","author":"Rutstein","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00053-16","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus diagnostic testing: 30 years of evolution","volume":"23","author":"Alexander","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-024-00792-1","article-title":"Rapid tests should be used with caution for HIV-1 primary infection screening","volume":"213","author":"Guiraud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharma.2024.05.009","article-title":"HIV rapid tests immunological internal control can be misleading","volume":"82","author":"Guiraud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Pharm. Fran\u00e7aises"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2024.105708","article-title":"Performance of a rapid recency assay for detection of early HIV infection","volume":"174","author":"Di Germanio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw666","article-title":"Time until emergence of HIV test reactivity following infection with HIV-1: implications for interpreting test results and retesting after exposure","volume":"64","author":"Delaney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix297","article-title":"Assessment of HIV Screening Tests for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Programs","author":"Delaugerre","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.70044","article-title":"Fourth-generation HIV rapid tests: enhanced sensitivity and reduced diagnostic window for HIV-1 primary infection screening","volume":"96","author":"Guiraud","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2017.03.019","article-title":"Performance evaluation of the FDA-approved Determine\u2122 HIV-1\/2 Ag\/Ab Combo assay using plasma and whole blood specimens","volume":"91","author":"Masciotra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib16","unstructured":"AIDS: proposed WHO criteria for interpreting western blot assays for HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I\/HTLV-II, Bull World Health Organ 69 (1991) 127\u2013129, 131\u2013133."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00619-23","article-title":"Are confirmatory assays reliable for HIV-1\/HIV-2 infection differentiation? a multicenter study","author":"Guiraud","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000534","article-title":"HIV subtype diversity worldwide","volume":"14","author":"Bbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.06.012","article-title":"The variable sensitivity of HIV Ag\/Ab combination assays in the detection of p24Ag according to genotype could compromise the diagnosis of early HIV infection","volume":"55","author":"Ly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.105022","article-title":"An improved HIV antigen\/antibody prototype assay for earlier detection of acute HIV infection","volume":"145","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052818","article-title":"The performance of the Alere HIV combo point-of-care test on stored serum samples; useful for detection of early HIV-1 infections?","volume":"94","author":"Van Tienen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.10.012","article-title":"HIV rapid screening tests and self-tests: Be aware of differences in performance and cautious of vendors","volume":"37","author":"Mourez","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2015-052491","article-title":"Diagnosing acute HIV infection at point of care: a retrospective analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of a fourth-generation point-of-care test for detection of HIV core protein p24","volume":"93","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-019-00655-0","article-title":"Comparative multi-assay evaluation of Determine\u2122 HIV-1\/2 Ag\/Ab Combo rapid diagnostic tests in acute and chronic HIV infection","volume":"209","author":"Wratil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ability of Alere\u2122 HIV Combo to diagnose acute HIV infection is based mainly on HIV-1 p24 antigen detection, Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 43 (2025) 732\u2013736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12932\/AP-290521-1144.","DOI":"10.12932\/AP-290521-1144"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011581","article-title":"Sensitivity of five rapid HIV tests on oral fluid or finger-stick whole blood: a real-time comparison in a healthcare setting","volume":"5","author":"Pavie","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dkz404","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz404","article-title":"Surveillance of HIV-1 primary infections in France from 2014 to 2016: toward stable resistance, but higher diversity, clustering and virulence?","author":"Visseaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386653225001453?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386653225001453?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T12:11:32Z","timestamp":1773922292000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1386653225001453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["S1386653225001453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-6532"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-6532","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Fourth generation HIV rapid diagnostic test: Adequate sensitivity in HIV primary infection settings?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105903","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105903"}}