{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:03:00Z","timestamp":1790146980625,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032850","name":"EU4Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["project no. 101102733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project no. 101102733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:41:30Z","timestamp":1785220890000},"page":"105987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An interferon-gamma release assay for monitoring of T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus: Application to multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"186","author":[{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Luisa","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea Karlotta","family":"Popp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Pache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Drosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolin","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Ruprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3605-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Max","family":"Corman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.38","article-title":"T cell responses to cytomegalovirus","volume":"16","author":"Klenerman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.13.040195.000333","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus immunopathogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Chisari","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.08.018","article-title":"QuantiFERON TB Gold Plus for the diagnosis of tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"Sotgiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01870-21","article-title":"Comparison of QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube and QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus in the Diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infections in Immunocompromised Patients: a Real-World Study","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.02199-21","article-title":"A Pilot Study for the Evaluation of an Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) To Measure T-Cell Immune Responses after SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Vaccination in a Unique Cloistered Cohort","volume":"60","author":"Barreiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e338","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1021","article-title":"Clinical Performance of a Standardized Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Interferon-gamma Release Assay for Simple Detection of T-Cell Responses After Infection or Vaccination","volume":"75","author":"Fernandez-Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00357-X","article-title":"Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunisation with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2: a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Hillus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585221094478","article-title":"Preserved T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 in anti-CD20 treated multiple sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Schwarz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008173430707","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus infection","volume":"343","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.54.1.19","article-title":"Role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in Epstein-Barr virus-associated diseases","volume":"54","author":"Khanna","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.041947el","article-title":"The human T cell immune response to Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"49","author":"Landais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"6578","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj8222","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis reveals high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"375","author":"Bjornevik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-013023","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and cancer","volume":"14","author":"Farrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2020.05.049","article-title":"Treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"133","author":"Hauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400118","article-title":"Rituximab efficiently depletes increased CD20-expressing T cells in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"193","author":"Palanichamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80397-0","article-title":"Human CD8+ T cell responses to EBV EBNA1: HLA class I presentation of the (Gly-Ala)-containing protein requires exogenous processing","volume":"7","author":"Blake","year":"1997","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12106","article-title":"Detection of Epstein-Barr virus-specific memory CD4+ T cells using a peptide-based cultured enzyme-linked immunospot assay","volume":"139","author":"Calarota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.176.1.157","article-title":"Identification of target antigens for the human cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV): implications for the immune control of EBV-positive malignancies","volume":"176","author":"Murray","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib19","unstructured":"Immune Epitope Database. In, 2004."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21373","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of EBV and interpretation of the \"isolated VCA IgG\" pattern","volume":"81","author":"De Paschale","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70445","article-title":"Molecular mimicry between Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus-6 proteins and central nervous system proteins: implications for T and B cell immunogenicity in an in silico study","volume":"14","author":"Almulla","year":"2026","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"The activation of bystander CD8(+) T cells and their roles in viral infection","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1993.tb03237.x","article-title":"A positive correlation between the precursor frequency of cytotoxic lymphocytes to autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells and antibody titer level against Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen in healthy seropositive individuals","volume":"37","author":"Kusunoki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141553","article-title":"Cellular responses to viral infection in humans: lessons from Epstein-Barr virus","volume":"25","author":"Hislop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.04.011","article-title":"Cytokine mRNA profile of Epstein-Barr virus-stimulated highly differentiated T cells in multiple sclerosis: a pilot study","volume":"225","author":"Jaquiery","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"Pt 6","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl067","article-title":"Increased frequency and broadened specificity of latent EBV nuclear antigen-1-specific T cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Lunemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072397","article-title":"EBNA1-specific T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis cross react with myelin antigens and co-produce IFN-gamma and IL-2","volume":"205","author":"Lunemann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.161018","article-title":"Decreased T cell reactivity to Epstein-Barr virus infected lymphoblastoid cell lines in multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Pender","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000200250","article-title":"Ocrelizumab alters cytotoxic lymphocyte function while reducing EBV-specific CD8(+) T-cell proliferation in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Abbadessa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awae244","article-title":"Broader anti-EBV TCR repertoire in multiple sclerosis: disease specificity and treatment modulation","volume":"148","author":"Schneider-Hohendorf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-220435","article-title":"B cell depletion impairs vaccination-induced CD8(+) T cell responses in a type I interferon-dependent manner","volume":"80","author":"Graalmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01507-2","article-title":"Cellular and humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy","volume":"27","author":"Apostolidis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1086\/503838","article-title":"Management of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by simultaneous analysis of EBV DNA load and EBV-specific T cell reconstitution","volume":"42","author":"Annels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-10-3001","article-title":"Impaired recovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)--specific CD8+ T lymphocytes after partially T-depleted allogeneic stem cell transplantation may identify patients at very high risk for progressive EBV reactivation and lymphoproliferative disease","volume":"101","author":"Meij","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1275892","article-title":"Cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with primary antibody deficiencies","volume":"14","author":"Mizera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105217","article-title":"Cellular and humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and booster dose in immunosuppressed patients: An observational cohort study","volume":"153","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987_bib38","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine (US): ClinicalTrials.gov. In, (2000)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386653226000788?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1386653226000788?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:26:44Z","timestamp":1790144804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1386653226000788"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S1386653226000788"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-6532"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-6532","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An interferon-gamma release assay for monitoring of T-cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus: Application to multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Clinical Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcv.2026.105987","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105987"}}