{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:39:49Z","timestamp":1786991989330,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":611,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,18]],"date-time":"2018-06-18T02:14:54Z","timestamp":1529288094000},"page":"S2-S9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Further opportunities for digital imaging in dental epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8904-4493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Hogan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Goodwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Boothman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Iafolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain A.","family":"Pretty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1046\/j..2003.com122.x","article-title":"The world oral health report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century \u2013 the approach of the WHO global oral health programme","volume":"31","author":"Petersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C29","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s06","article-title":"Overview of the impact of changing global patterns of dental caries experience on caries clinical trials","volume":"83","author":"Whelton","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513490168","article-title":"Global burden of oral conditions in 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis","volume":"92","author":"Marcenes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0020","first-page":"661","article-title":"The Global burden of oral disease and risks to oral health","volume":"22806","author":"Petersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. World Heal Org."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514557546","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequality and caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12049","article-title":"Comparison of an intra-oral photographic caries assessment with an established visual caries assessment method for use in dental epidemiological studies of children","volume":"41","author":"Boye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-366","article-title":"Quantitative light fluorescence (QLF) and polarized white light (PWL) assessments of dental fluorosis in an epidemiological setting","volume":"12","author":"Pretty","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-11-16","article-title":"A comparison of photographic, replication and direct clinical examination methods for detecting developmental defects of enamel","volume":"11","author":"Golkari","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0045","series-title":"Prevalence and Severity of Dental Fluorosis in Four English Cities","author":"Pretty","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0050","series-title":"A Systematic Review of Public Water Fluoridation. York : NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (Report 18)","author":"NHS-CRD","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0528.2002.300110.x","article-title":"A blind caries and fluorosis prevalence study of school-children in naturally fluoridated and nonfluoridated townships of Morayshire, Scotland","volume":"30","author":"Stephen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-1122","article-title":"The association between social deprivation and the prevalence and severity of dental caries and fluorosis in populations with and without water fluoridation","volume":"12","author":"McGrady","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-12-10","article-title":"Comparison of photographic and visual assessment of occlusal caries with histology as the reference standard","volume":"12","author":"Boye","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0070","series-title":"National Survey for Oral Health in Children in Germany 2015\/2016: Results from the Online Calibration for Initial Caries and Dmft\/DMFT","first-page":"195","author":"Schmoeckel","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12292","article-title":"The technical efficiency of oral healthcare provision: evaluating role substitution in National Health Service dental practices in England","volume":"45","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-13-6","article-title":"Comparison of caries detection methods using varying numbers of intra-oral digital photographs with visual examination for epidemiology in children","volume":"13","author":"Boye","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2009.763","article-title":"Digital dental photography. Part 9: post-image capture processing","volume":"207","author":"Ahmad","year":"2009","journal-title":"BDJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0090","first-page":"34","article-title":"The views of examiners on the use of intra-oral photographs to detect dental caries in epidemiological studies","volume":"30","author":"Boye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Community Dent. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0095","series-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): Oral Health Examiners Manual","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2004.10.017","article-title":"Quantification of dental plaque in the research environment","volume":"33","author":"Pretty","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0105","series-title":"Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3109\/00016356408993968","article-title":"Periodontal Disease in Pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition","volume":"22","author":"Silness","year":"1964","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1960.0177","article-title":"The oral hygiene index: a method for classifying oral hygiene status","volume":"61","author":"Greene","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1964.0034","article-title":"The simplified oral hygiene index","volume":"68","author":"Greene","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1962.0184","article-title":"Comparative cleansing efficiency of manual and power brushing","volume":"65","author":"Quigley","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0130","first-page":"41","article-title":"Reduced plaque formation by the chloromethyl analogue of victamine C","volume":"41","author":"Turesky","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2002.290101.x","article-title":"Global epidemiology of periodontal diseases: an overview","volume":"29","author":"Albandar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Periodontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.15","article-title":"Oral health practices and prevalence of dental plaque and gingivitis among Indian adults","volume":"2","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517705476","article-title":"Distribution of dental plaque and gingivitis within the dental arches","volume":"45","author":"Sreenivasan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12677","article-title":"Global epidemiology of dental caries and severe periodontitis \u2013 a comprehensive review","volume":"44","author":"Frencken","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0155","first-page":"3","article-title":"A modified gingival index for use in clinical trials","volume":"8","author":"Lobene","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512455030","article-title":"The natural history of dental caries lesions: a 4-year observational study","volume":"91","author":"Zandon\u00e1","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515573272","article-title":"Global burden of untreated caries","volume":"94","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670031401","article-title":"The effect of varying diagnostic thresholds upon clinical caries data for a low prevalence group","volume":"67","author":"Pitts","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1159\/000016526","article-title":"Reliability of a new caries diagnostic system differentiating between active and inactive caries lesions","volume":"33","author":"Nyvad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0180","first-page":"193","article-title":"ICDAS \u2013 an international system for caries detection and assessment being developed to facilitate caries epidemiology, research and appropriate clinical management (editorial)","volume":"21","author":"Pitts","year":"2004","journal-title":"Community Dent. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2011.00022.x","article-title":"The caries assessment spectrum and treatment (CAST) index: rational and development","volume":"61","author":"Frencken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2013.991","article-title":"Permanent dentition caries through the first half of life","volume":"215","author":"Broadbent","year":"2013","journal-title":"BDJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0195","first-page":"123","article-title":"Aetiology of developmental enamel defects not related to fluorosis","volume":"32","author":"Pindborg","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374890030020601","article-title":"Review of terminology, classifications, and indices of developmental defects of enamel","volume":"3","author":"Clarkson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.18580","article-title":"Prevalence of enamel defects in primary and permanent teeth in a group of schoolchildren from Granada (Spain)","volume":"18","author":"Robles","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-015-0178-8","article-title":"A practical method for use in epidemiological studies on enamel hypomineralisation","volume":"16","author":"Ghanim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2011.01161.x","article-title":"Treatment outcomes and dental anxiety in 18-year-olds with MIH, comparisons with healthy controls \u2013 a longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"J\u00e4levik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0960-7439.2001.00318.x","article-title":"Dental treatment, dental fear and behaviour management problems in children with severe enamel hypomineralization of their permanent first molars","volume":"12","author":"J\u00e4levik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0225","article-title":"Global burden of molar incisor hypomineralization","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0230","first-page":"207","article-title":"Comparison of enamel defects in the primary and permanent dentitions of children from a low-fluoride District in Australia","volume":"33","author":"Seow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680030201","article-title":"A modified DDE index for use in epidemiological studies of enamel defects","volume":"68","author":"Clarkson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.43","article-title":"What is the value of orthodontic treatment?","volume":"218","author":"Benson","year":"2015","journal-title":"BDJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cju046","article-title":"The impact of malocclusion on the quality of life among children and adolescents: a systematic review of quantitative studies","volume":"37","author":"Dimberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.2319\/051414-348.1","article-title":"Malocclusion, orthodontic treatment, and the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14): systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"85","author":"Andiappan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357809029088","article-title":"Incisal overjet and traumatic injuries to upper permanent incisors: a retrospective study","volume":"36","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/edt.12268","article-title":"Clinical factors and socio-demographic characteristics associated with dental trauma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Corr\u00eaa-Faria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent. Traumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0265","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","first-page":"D003452","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children","author":"Thiruvenkatachari","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1132","article-title":"An overview of orthodontic indices","volume":"3","author":"Agarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Dent. World J. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0275","series-title":"DAI\u2013the Dental Aesthetic Index. College of Dentistry","author":"Cons","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035999","article-title":"The development of an index of orthodontic treatment priority","volume":"11","author":"Brook","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0285","first-page":"513","article-title":"Caries detection and diagnostics with near-infrared light transillumination: clinical experiences","volume":"45","author":"S\u00f6chtig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quintessence Int. (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1559-4","article-title":"In vivo validation of near-infrared light transillumination for interproximal dentin caries detection","volume":"20","author":"K\u00fchnisch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0295","first-page":"514","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of three methods for proximal caries diagnosis \u2013 a clinical study","volume":"20","author":"Marinova-Takorova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. IMAB \u2013 Ann. Proc. (Sci. Pap.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1179\/146531204225011346","article-title":"Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: part I","volume":"31","author":"Hajeer","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018_bib0305","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of the accuracy of six intraoral scanning","volume":"10","author":"Hack","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Dent. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030057121830099X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030057121830099X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:28:57Z","timestamp":1759537737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030057121830099X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S030057121830099X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Further opportunities for digital imaging in dental epidemiology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dentistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.04.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}