{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T21:50:12Z","timestamp":1793829012812,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,17]],"date-time":"2023-09-17T13:29:22Z","timestamp":1694957362000},"page":"104701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Revealing the representative facial traits of different sagittal skeletal types: decipher what artificial intelligence can see by Grad-CAM"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6092-7519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yudi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1414-4799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziyang","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5168-1454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dian","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2020.10.001","article-title":"Putative ratios of facial attractiveness in a deep neural network","volume":"178","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0002","first-page":"9","article-title":"Facial beauty\u2013establishing a universal standard","volume":"15","author":"Jefferson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199510000-00027","article-title":"Anthropometry of the head and face, second edition","volume":"35","author":"Buchman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01403-5","article-title":"Facial attractiveness","volume":"3","author":"Thornhill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2021.103311","article-title":"Normality mediates the effect of symmetry on facial attractiveness","volume":"217","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/368239a0","article-title":"Facial shape and judgements of female attractiveness","volume":"368","author":"Perrett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjq028","article-title":"Perception of facial profile attractiveness of different antero-posterior and vertical proportions","volume":"33","author":"Abu Arqoub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0008","first-page":"284","article-title":"A concept of facial esthetics","volume":"40","author":"Peck","year":"1970","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1999.0371","article-title":"More than lip service: facial esthetics in orthodontics","volume":"130","author":"Bowman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.01.018","article-title":"Extraction vs no treatment: long-term facial profile changes","volume":"147","author":"Rathod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21bbo4","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.26.4.e21bbo4","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage as a treatment alternative for skeletal Class III","volume":"26","author":"Araujo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dent. Press J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2017.09.003","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Raposo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1067\/mod.2001.113656","article-title":"Significance of the soft tissue profile on facial esthetics","volume":"119","author":"Spyropoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.06.041","article-title":"Photos vs silhouettes for evaluation of African American profile esthetics","volume":"141","author":"Hockley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2019.02.012","article-title":"Quantifying faces three-dimensionally in orthodontic practice","volume":"47","author":"Tanikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cranio Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.03.037","article-title":"Estimation of 2D to 3D dimensions and proportionality indices for facial examination","volume":"287","author":"Martos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87779-8_11","article-title":"Digital 2D, 2.5D and 3D methods for adding photo-realistic textures to 3D facial depictions of people from the past","volume":"1356","author":"Roughley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjs028","article-title":"Facial attractiveness of skeletal Class II patients before and after mandibular advancement surgery as perceived by people with different backgrounds","volume":"35","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520969115","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence in dentistry","volume":"100","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520901715","article-title":"Automated skeletal classification with lateral cephalometry based on artificial intelligence","volume":"99","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95002-w","article-title":"Development of novel artificial intelligence systems to predict facial morphology after orthognathic surgery and orthodontic treatment in Japanese patients","volume":"11","author":"Tanikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-022-02596-1","article-title":"Deep learning for biomechanical modeling of facial tissue deformation in orthognathic surgical planning","volume":"17","author":"Lampen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01228-7","article-title":"Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization","volume":"128","author":"Selvaraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109098","article-title":"Grad-CAM helps interpret the deep learning models trained to classify multiple sclerosis types using clinical brain magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"353","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105550","article-title":"Explainable detection of myocardial infarction using deep learning models with Grad-CAM technique on ECG signals","volume":"146","author":"Jahmunah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01513-3","article-title":"Deep learning based prediction of necessity for orthognathic surgery of skeletal malocclusion using cephalogram in Korean individuals","volume":"21","author":"Shin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0027","series-title":"Proceeings of the 15th European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV)","first-page":"122","article-title":"ShuffleNet V.2.: practical guidelines for efficient CNN architecture design","author":"Ma","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0028","series-title":"Proceedings of the 31st IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)","first-page":"7132","article-title":"Squeeze-and-excitation networks","author":"Hu","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2012.42.1.23","article-title":"Facial soft tissue thickness among skeletal malocclusions: is there a difference?","volume":"42","author":"Kamak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn123","article-title":"Standards of soft tissue Arnett analysis for surgical planning in Turkish adults","volume":"31","author":"Uysal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12851","article-title":"Facial soft tissue thickness among three skeletal classes in adult pakistani subjects","volume":"60","author":"Jeelani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600103","article-title":"Remodeling the dentofacial skeleton: the biological basis of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics","volume":"86","author":"Meikle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0033","first-page":"59","article-title":"Soft tissue changes after upper premolar extraction in Class II camouflage therapy","volume":"76","author":"Conley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-019-0296-7","article-title":"Effects of different nose types on class II treatments for female patients","volume":"20","author":"Cankaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1574-5","article-title":"Short-term effects of systematic premolar extraction on lip profile, vertical dimension and cephalometric parameters in borderline patients for extraction therapy\u2013a retrospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Kirschneck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2015.04.012","article-title":"Evolution of Class III treatment in orthodontics","volume":"148","author":"Ngan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300571223002877?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300571223002877?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T20:15:55Z","timestamp":1736367355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0300571223002877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0300571223002877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Revealing the representative facial traits of different sagittal skeletal types: decipher what artificial intelligence can see by Grad-CAM","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dentistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2023.104701","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104701"}}