{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:55:36Z","timestamp":1791658536743,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011710","name":"Shaanxi Province Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T16:39:23Z","timestamp":1763656763000},"page":"106257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Automated diagnosis and classification of skeletal malocclusion using artificial intelligence on 2D facial photographs: A multi-modal deep learning approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-qing","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya-xing","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-rui","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-xin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-qiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7295-3308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-ying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-cheng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04685-6","article-title":"Orthodontic camouflage versus orthodontic-orthognathic surgical treatment in borderline class III malocclusion: a systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Alhammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032570","article-title":"Dissecting the complexity of skeletal-malocclusion-associated phenotypes: mouse for the rescue","volume":"24","author":"Lone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02388-8","article-title":"A survey regarding orthodontic treatment among contemporary college freshmen in China","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093212","article-title":"Towards genetic dissection of skeletal class III malocclusion: a review of genetic variations underlying the phenotype in humans and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Zohud","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5148","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155148","article-title":"Skeletal class II malocclusion: from clinical treatment strategies to the roadmap in identifying the genetic bases of development in humans with the support of the collaborative cross mouse population","volume":"12","author":"Lone","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27284","article-title":"Impact of class II and class III skeletal malocclusion on pharyngeal airway dimensions: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55107-4","article-title":"Facial asymmetry of the hard and soft tissues in skeletal class I, II, and III patients","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-024-00338-4","article-title":"Expert consensus on orthodontic treatment of protrusive facial deformities","volume":"17","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Sci."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7141","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13237141","article-title":"Orthopedic devices for skeletal class III malocclusion treatment in growing patients: a comparative effectiveness systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Inchingolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181c2a685","article-title":"Aging of the mandible and its aesthetic implications","volume":"125","author":"Shaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp036","article-title":"Determination of craniofacial growth in patients with untreated Class III malocclusions and anterior crossbites using the centroid method","volume":"31","author":"Murata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-019-0285-x","article-title":"Paediatricians\u2019 awareness on orthodontic problems and related conditions\u2014a national survey","volume":"20","author":"Koufatzidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Orthod."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S818","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_1035_23","article-title":"The impact of early orthodontic intervention on dental and skeletal development in children with mixed dentition","volume":"16","author":"Sandhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-022-00409-3","article-title":"Ideal treatment timing of orthodontic anomalies\u2014a German clinical S3 practice guideline","volume":"83","author":"Kirschneck","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Orthop."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0015","first-page":"36","article-title":"Characteristics of patients seeking orthodontic retreatment","volume":"11","author":"Santiago","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. World Fed. Orthod."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.09.010","article-title":"Adult orthodontic retreatment: a survey of patient profiles and original treatment failings","volume":"158","author":"Chow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14050544","article-title":"Radiographic imaging for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with skeletal class III malocclusion","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105442","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning: a scoping review","volume":"152","author":"Gracea","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15030273","article-title":"Automated machine learning in dentistry: a narrative review of applications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Shujaat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520901715","article-title":"Automated skeletal classification with lateral cephalometry based on artificial intelligence","volume":"99","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0021","first-page":"2244","article-title":"Convolutional neural network performance for sella turcica segmentation and classification using CBCT images","volume":"12","author":"Duman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn. (Basel Switz.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2021.51.3.189","article-title":"Projected lifetime cancer risk from cone-beam computed tomography for orthodontic treatment","volume":"51","author":"Jha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.05.022","article-title":"Cumulative doses of ionizing radiation from computed tomography: a population-based study","volume":"94","author":"Stopsack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.04.002","article-title":"Children, medical radiation and the environment: an important dialogue","volume":"156","author":"Frush","year":"2017","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"cjae019","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjae019","article-title":"Accuracy and reliability of magnetic resonance imaging in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Srivastav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20230024","article-title":"MRI-based cephalometrics: a scoping review of current insights and future perspectives","volume":"52","author":"Sennimalai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2025.03.003","article-title":"Classification of skeletal discrepancies by machine learning based on three-dimensional facial scans","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20302","article-title":"Two-dimensional facial measurements for anterior tooth selection in complete denture treatment","volume":"9","author":"Chunhabundit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115047119","article-title":"Face dissimilarity judgments are predicted by representational distance in morphable and image-computable models","volume":"119","author":"Jozwik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0030","article-title":"Automated facial landmark measurement using machine learning: a feasibility study","author":"Koseoglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01879-z","article-title":"Personal identification with artificial intelligence under COVID-19 crisis: a scoping review","volume":"11","author":"Matsuda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2304085120","article-title":"Modeling naturalistic face processing in humans with deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"120","author":"Jiahui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30640-w","article-title":"Maxillofacial fracture detection and classification in computed tomography images using convolutional neural network-based models","volume":"13","author":"Warin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72254-w","article-title":"Comprehensive comparison between vision transformers and convolutional neural networks for face recognition tasks","volume":"14","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10070823","article-title":"Multi-stage classification of retinal OCT using multi-scale ensemble deep architecture","volume":"10","author":"Akinniyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioengineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landig.2025.03.002","article-title":"FaceAge, a deep learning system to estimate biological age from face photographs to improve prognostication: a model development and validation study","author":"Bontempi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0037","series-title":"Proceedings of Machine Learning Research","first-page":"17","article-title":"Proceedings of the Ninth Asian Conference on Machine Learning, PMLR","author":"Glasmachers","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04486-1","article-title":"Evaluation of the soft tissue facial profile in different skeletal malocclusions in relation to age","volume":"24","author":"Kie\u0142czykowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000003460","article-title":"Age-related changes in facial soft tissue of Han Chinese: a computed tomographic study","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345241272048","article-title":"A deep learning system to predict epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia","volume":"103","author":"Adeoye","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-80087-w","article-title":"Enhanced MobileNet for skin cancer image classification with fused spatial channel attention mechanism","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2024.102004","article-title":"Dynasmile: video-based smile analysis software in orthodontics","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12830","article-title":"Automatic soft-tissue analysis on orthodontic frontal and lateral facial photographs based on deep learning","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orthod. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.105570","article-title":"Research of orthodontic soft tissue profile prediction based on conditional generative adversarial networks","volume":"154","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300571225006967?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0300571225006967?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:00:43Z","timestamp":1773835243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0300571225006967"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0300571225006967"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Automated diagnosis and classification of skeletal malocclusion using artificial intelligence on 2D facial photographs: A multi-modal deep learning approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dentistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106257","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106257"}}