{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:09:14Z","timestamp":1777867754933,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,25]],"date-time":"2026-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1795564800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":328,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001024","name":"Roy J Carver Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE09551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE09551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE12101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE12101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR00059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR00059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RR024979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RR024979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021935","name":"Delta Dental of Iowa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012011","name":"Graduate College, University of Iowa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dentistry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T22:54:24Z","timestamp":1763765664000},"page":"106259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Estimating the causal effect of fluoride intake on caries trajectories from childhood to early adulthood with marginal structural models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"164","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9325-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chukwuebuka","family":"Ogwo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philips","family":"Okeagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7247-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2792-7418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Caplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.4.881S","article-title":"Sugars and dental caries","volume":"78","author":"Touger-Decker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0002","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Oral Health Fact Sheet, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2022."},{"issue":"RR\u201314)","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States","volume":"50","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR. Recomm. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0004","article-title":"Water fluoridation review","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/0810144","article-title":"Applying modern survival analysis methods to longitudinal dental caries studies","volume":"81","author":"H\u00e4rk\u00e4ne","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700112","article-title":"Trajectory patterns of dental caries experience in the permanent dentition to the fourth decade of life","volume":"87","author":"Broadbent","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12317","article-title":"Dental caries clusters among adolescents","volume":"45","author":"Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0008","unstructured":"Kaufman L., Rousseeuw P.J., Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagin D.S., Group-Based Modelling of Development, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2005.","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674041318"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124106292364","article-title":"Advances in group-based trajectory modeling and an SAS procedure for estimating them","volume":"35","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2011.05.008","article-title":"KmL: a package to cluster longitudinal data","volume":"104","author":"Genolini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-009-0178-4","article-title":"KmL: k-means for longitudinal data","volume":"25","author":"Genolini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00615-6","article-title":"Identifying typical trajectories in longitudinal data: modelling strategies and interpretations","volume":"35","author":"Herle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0014","first-page":"100","article-title":"Algorithm AS 136: a K-means clustering algorithm","volume":"28","author":"Hartigan","year":"1979","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc C Appl Stat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2000.0307","article-title":"The science and practice of caries prevention","volume":"131","author":"Featherstone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0017","unstructured":"Public Health England, Water Fluoridation: Health Monitoring Report for England 2018, Public Health England, London, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2008.00108.x","article-title":"Considerations on optimal fluoride intake using dental fluorosis and dental caries outcomes\u2014A longitudinal study","volume":"69","author":"Warren","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345920710051601","article-title":"The changing patterns of systemic fluoride intake","volume":"71","author":"Burt","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.13002","article-title":"Causal analyses in longitudinal observational studies in oral health: a scoping review","volume":"53","author":"Dao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","article-title":"Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Robins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology. (Fairfax)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirano K., Imbens G.W., The propensity score with continuous treatments, in: Applied Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference from Incomplete-Data Perspectives, Chapman & Hall\/CRC, London, 2004, pp. 73\u201384.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470090456.ch7"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2006.tb02562.x","article-title":"Use of the Fluorosis Risk Index in a cohort study: the Iowa Fluoride Study","volume":"66","author":"Levy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0024","unstructured":"R Core Team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation For Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2022. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0025","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dendrite method for cluster analysis","volume":"3","author":"Calinski","year":"1974","journal-title":"Commun. Stat. Theory. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0026","series-title":"Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Adv. Pattern Recognit. Digit. Tech.","first-page":"137","article-title":"Determination of number of clusters in k-means clustering and application in colour image segmentation","author":"Ray","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1979.4766909","article-title":"A cluster separation measure","volume":"1","author":"Davies","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEe Trans. Pattern. Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0028","unstructured":"Ogwo C.E., Brown G.D., Caplan D.J., Wehby G.L., Warren J.J., Levy S.M., Incidence, Prevalence, and Trajectories of Dental Caries Experience of Young Adults, PhD Dissertation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, 2021. ISBN 9798544292753."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0029","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n M.A., Robins J.M., Causal Inference: What If, Chapman & Hall\/CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanderWeele T.J., Explanation in Causal Inference: Methods for Mediation and Interaction, Oxford University Press, New York, 2015.","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw277"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0031","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Methods for dealing with time-dependent confounding","volume":"42","author":"Daniel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2000.0307","article-title":"The science and practice of caries prevention","volume":"131","author":"Featherstone","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2001.290206.x","article-title":"An economic evaluation of community water fluoridation","volume":"29","author":"Griffin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0034","article-title":"Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries","author":"Iheozor-Ejiofor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520915714","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in dentistry: caries detection","volume":"99","author":"Schwendicke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0037","first-page":"5695","article-title":"Detection and diagnosis of dental caries using deep learning","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0038","article-title":"Machine learning for caries risk prediction in dentistry","volume":"95","author":"Krois","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519871884","article-title":"Caries detection with artificial intelligence","volume":"98","author":"Casalegno","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31146-8","article-title":"Oral diseases: a global public health challenge","volume":"394","author":"Peres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dentistry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030057122500702X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030057122500702X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:52:08Z","timestamp":1777546328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030057122500702X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S030057122500702X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5712"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5712","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Estimating the causal effect of fluoride intake on caries trajectories from childhood to early adulthood with marginal structural models","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dentistry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2025.106259","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106259"}}