{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T17:05:45Z","timestamp":1782493545322,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007602","name":"National Institute for Health Research Programme Grants for Applied Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR201165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR201165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["223512\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["223512\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013342","name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013342","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020013","name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Diabetes and its Complications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T10:29:32Z","timestamp":1762597772000},"page":"109210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis and risk of cancer: Cohort study in over 1 million individuals from the TriNetX US Collaborative Network"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Tommy","family":"Slater","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gema","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez Ibarburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Drebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Henson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Goldney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Zaccardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack A.","family":"Sargeant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Papamargaritis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana C.N.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward W.","family":"Gregg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamlesh","family":"Khunti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie J.","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0334-z","article-title":"Young-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus \u2014 implications for morbidity and mortality","volume":"16","author":"Magliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0010","first-page":"40","article-title":"Characteristics and care of young people with type 2 diabetes included in the national diabetes audit datasets for England","author":"Misra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110954","article-title":"Comparison of beta-cell function between Hong Kong Chinese with young-onset type 2 diabetes and late-onset type 2 diabetes","volume":"205","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v13.i3.260","article-title":"Age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factor profile: a pooled analysis","volume":"13","author":"Barker","year":"2022","journal-title":"WJD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112002","article-title":"Burden of vascular risk factors by age, sex, ethnicity and deprivation in young adults with and without newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes","volume":"220","author":"Goldney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05319-w","article-title":"Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"64","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0834","article-title":"Age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis and cause-specific mortality: observational study of primary care patients in England","volume":"46","author":"Barker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1310799","article-title":"Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990\u20132010","volume":"370","author":"Gregg","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05854-8","article-title":"Inequalities in cancer mortality trends in people with type 2 diabetes: 20 year population-based study in England","volume":"66","author":"Ling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30431-9","article-title":"Trends in predominant causes of death in individuals with and without diabetes in England from 2001 to 2018: an epidemiological analysis of linked primary care records","volume":"9","author":"Pearson-Stuttard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0096","article-title":"Mortality trends among people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Australia: 1997\u20132010","volume":"37","author":"Harding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.4.445","article-title":"Trends in the mortality burden associated with diabetes mellitus: a population-based study in Rochester, Minn, 1970-1994","volume":"163","author":"Thomas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0204","article-title":"Association of Type 2 diabetes with cancer: a Meta-analysis with Bias analysis for unmeasured confounding in 151 cohorts comprising 32 million people","volume":"43","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2018.11.001","article-title":"Obesity and cancer risk: emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"92","author":"Avgerinos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnz014","article-title":"Review: diabetes, obesity, and cancer\u2014pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"41","author":"Lega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0080","unstructured":"Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Cancer stat facts: cancer of any site n.d. https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/all.html (accessed March 18, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4544-z","article-title":"Impact of age at diagnosis and duration of type 2 diabetes on mortality in Australia 1997\u20132011","volume":"61","author":"Huo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05920-9","article-title":"Age at diagnosis modifies associations of type 2 diabetes with cancer incidence and mortality: a retrospective matched-cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0095","article-title":"Association between age at diabetes diagnosis and subsequent incidence of cancer: a longitudinal population-based cohort","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12078","article-title":"The needs, concerns, and characteristics of younger Australian adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Browne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2138","article-title":"The productivity burden of diabetes at a population level","volume":"41","author":"Magliano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jamiaopen\/ooad035","article-title":"A global federated real-world data and analytics platform for research","volume":"6","author":"Palchuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMIA Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e315","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp16X684961","article-title":"Practical classification guidelines for diabetes in patients treated with insulin: a cross-sectional study of the accuracy of diabetes diagnosis","volume":"66","author":"Hope","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05568-3","article-title":"The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)","volume":"64","author":"Holt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1606602","article-title":"Body fatness and cancer \u2014 viewpoint of the IARC Working Group","volume":"375","author":"Lauby-Secretan","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0295-5","article-title":"Hyperinsulinaemia in cancer","volume":"20","author":"Gallagher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.09.023","article-title":"Risk of cancer incidence and mortality associated with diabetes: a systematic review with trend analysis of 203 cohorts","volume":"31","author":"Ling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx376","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and risk of incident cancer in China: a prospective study among 0.5 million Chinese adults","volume":"187","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1575","article-title":"Incident early- and later-onset type 2 diabetes and risk of early- and later-onset cancer: prospective cohort study","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-023-01967-0","article-title":"People with early-onset colorectal cancer describe primary care barriers to timely diagnosis: a mixed-methods study of web-based patient reports in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand","volume":"24","author":"Lamprell","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Primary Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003431","article-title":"Risk of colorectal cancer in patients with diabetes mellitus: a Swedish nationwide cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Ali Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60269-X","article-title":"Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies","volume":"371","author":"Renehan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00844-8","article-title":"Body-mass index and diabetes risk in 57 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data in 685 616 adults","volume":"398","author":"Teufel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S67400","article-title":"Mechanism linking diabetes mellitus and obesity","volume":"7","author":"Al-Goblan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2014","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes: the increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality","volume":"95","author":"Gallagher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2016.37","article-title":"From obesity to diabetes and cancer: epidemiological links and role of therapies","volume":"114","author":"Garc\u00eda-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-009-0171-y","article-title":"Circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and adiponectin in young men with type 2 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Su","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003316","article-title":"Age at diagnosis, glycemic trajectories, and responses to oral glucose-lowering drugs in type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong: a population-based observational study","volume":"17","author":"Ke","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-3-12","article-title":"Visceral adiposity, insulin resistance and cancer risk","volume":"3","author":"Donohoe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13660","article-title":"Younger people with type 2 diabetes have poorer self-care practices compared with older people: results from the Australian National Diabetes Audit","volume":"35","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3181bd4783","article-title":"Characteristics of insured patients with persistent gaps in diabetes care services: the Translating Research into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study","volume":"48","author":"Gregg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0666","article-title":"Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report","volume":"33","author":"Giovannucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0215","series-title":"Annual review of statistics and its application","first-page":"31","volume":"4","author":"Spiegelhalter D. Risk and Uncertainty Communication","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1900","article-title":"Excess burden of mental illness and hospitalization in young-onset type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study","volume":"170","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des042","article-title":"Evaluating the association between endometrial cancer and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Haoula","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2242-1","article-title":"Time-varying incidence of cancer after the onset of type 2 diabetes: evidence of potential detection bias","volume":"54","author":"Johnson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2011.05.042","article-title":"Understanding obesity and endometrial cancer risk: opportunities for prevention","volume":"205","author":"Schmandt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes and its Complications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1056872725002636?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1056872725002636?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T12:03:21Z","timestamp":1766232201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1056872725002636"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S1056872725002636"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1056-8727"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1056-8727","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Age at type 2 diabetes diagnosis and risk of cancer: Cohort study in over 1 million individuals from the TriNetX US Collaborative Network","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Diabetes and its Complications","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109210","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109210"}}