{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:26:39Z","timestamp":1785407199822,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jaadinternational.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAAD International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,15]],"date-time":"2025-02-15T21:34:17Z","timestamp":1739655257000},"page":"41-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Updating theoretical frameworks in body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8469-936X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"En Qi","family":"Toh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias Yi Quan","family":"Liau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Suendermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Bewley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellie Ci-En","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib1","series-title":"The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","first-page":"242","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib2","series-title":"The ICD-11 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","first-page":"308","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.07.003","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: a systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence","volume":"18","author":"Veale","year":"2016","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-020-09757-y","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology: a systematic review","volume":"91","author":"Herbst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13581","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder in pediatric dermatology","volume":"35","author":"Dennin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13739","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder in female Swedish dermatology patients","volume":"56","author":"Brohede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2006.01.008","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"24","author":"Buescher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib8","first-page":"12","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder: recognizing and treating imagined ugliness","volume":"3","author":"Phillips","year":"2004","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-2974-1-11","article-title":"Masculinity and femininity in the divergence of male body image concerns","volume":"1","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.8.1291","article-title":"Muscle dysmorphia in male weightlifters: a case-control study","volume":"157","author":"Olivardia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.04.015","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder patients: their affective states, personality disorder functioning styles and body image concerns","volume":"131","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(03)00102-0","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with acne","volume":"44","author":"Uzun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462011000300006","article-title":"The relationship between perceived social support and severity of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms: the role of gender","volume":"33","author":"Marques","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Bras Psiquiatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000543","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder among patients in a partial hospital program","volume":"204","author":"Bjornsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31823f6775","article-title":"Traumatic experiences in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"200","author":"Buhlmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2007.09.004","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder in an adult inpatient setting","volume":"30","author":"Conroy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.04.007","article-title":"The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and its clinical correlates in a VA primary care behavioral health clinic","volume":"228","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.10.068","article-title":"The heart of it all: body dysmorphic disorder in cosmetic surgery","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2019.11.001","article-title":"A multimethod analysis of incompleteness and visual \u201cnot just right\u201d experiences in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"51","author":"Summers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2015.06.001","article-title":"Environmental and physical risk factors for men to develop body dysmorphic disorder concerning penis size compared to men anxious about their penis size and men with no concerns: a cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Veale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Obsessive Compuls Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjv213","article-title":"Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms and body weight concerns in patients seeking abdominoplasty","volume":"36","author":"de Brito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18062880","article-title":"Social media use and body image disorders: association between frequency of comparing one's own physical appearance to that of people being followed on social media and body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness","volume":"18","author":"Jiotsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2007.06.004","article-title":"Perceived teasing experiences in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"4","author":"Buhlmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152256","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and trauma is common and severe in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"109","author":"Malcolm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/09658210444000043","article-title":"Spontaneously occurring images and early memories in people with body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"12","author":"Osman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1740-1445(03)00009-3","article-title":"Advances in a cognitive behavioural model of body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"1","author":"Veale","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1348\/000711201161109","article-title":"The role of shame and guilt in traumatic events: a clinical model of shame-based and guilt-based PTSD","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105720","article-title":"Bullying victimization and muscle dysmorphic disorder in Italian adolescents: the mediating role of attachment to peers","volume":"120","author":"Fabris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-006-9095-9","article-title":"Implicit and explicit self-esteem and attractiveness beliefs among individuals with body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"32","author":"Buhlmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2010.10.003","article-title":"Evaluating implicit attractiveness beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder using the Go\/No-go association task","volume":"42","author":"Buhlmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2009.02.008","article-title":"The meaning of beauty: implicit and explicit self-esteem and attractiveness beliefs in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"23","author":"Buhlmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022300","article-title":"The role of aesthetic sensitivity in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"120","author":"Lambrou","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3109\/00048671003671007","article-title":"An examination of delusional thinking and cognitive styles in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"44","author":"Labuschagne","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112849","article-title":"Clinical features, cognitive biases, and treatment of body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"11","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib36","series-title":"Society and the Adolescent Self-Image","first-page":"149","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1965"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721413492763","article-title":"Understanding the link between low self-esteem and depression","volume":"22","author":"Orth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(02)00100-7","article-title":"Selective processing of emotional information in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"16","author":"Buhlmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1226(03)00209-1","article-title":"Cosmetic rhinoplasty in body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"56","author":"Veale","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03185-3","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder and self-esteem: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Kuck","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.09.017","article-title":"Body dysmorphic disorder among dermatologic patients: prevalence and clinical features","volume":"63","author":"Conrado","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.46.6.549","article-title":"Nonpsychiatric medical treatment of body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"46","author":"Crerand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.psy.42.6.504","article-title":"Surgical and nonpsychiatric medical treatment of patients with body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"42","author":"Phillips","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib44","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders","first-page":"334","article-title":"Assessing body dysmorphic disorder","author":"S\u00fcndermann","year":"2023"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.4103\/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_773_19","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for cognitive-behavioral therapies in anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders","volume":"62","author":"Reddy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.7.2.125","article-title":"Cognitive\u2013behavioural therapy for body dysmorphic disorder","volume":"7","author":"Veale","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib47","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Long term effects of psychotherapy (cognitive behavioral therapy models) on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed J Sci Tech Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.21021","article-title":"Body dysmorphia in common skin diseases: results of an observational, cross-sectional multicentre study among dermatological outpatients in 17 European countries","volume":"187","author":"Schut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["JAAD International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666328725000161?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2666328725000161?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:58:18Z","timestamp":1747187898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2666328725000161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S2666328725000161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2666-3287"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2666-3287","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Updating theoretical frameworks in body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JAAD International","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdin.2024.12.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}