{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:01:19Z","timestamp":1791406879979,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,5,1]],"date-time":"2007-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1177977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,23]],"date-time":"2007-02-23T16:36:49Z","timestamp":1172248609000},"page":"61-83","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["In search of subtypes of Chinese developmental dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Connie S.-H.","family":"Ho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin K.H.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suk-Han","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suk-Man","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib1","series-title":"Reading and spelling: Development and disorders","first-page":"403","article-title":"The anatomy of word-specific memory","author":"Aaron","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.52","article-title":"Use of partial information in learning to read Chinese characters","volume":"95","author":"Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2003.10.004","article-title":"Variation among developmental dyslexics: Evidence from a printed-word-learning task","volume":"87","author":"Bailey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1038\/271746a0","article-title":"Difficulties in auditory organization as a possible cause of reading backwardness","volume":"271","author":"Bradley","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90003-E","article-title":"Varieties of developmental dyslexia","volume":"47","author":"Castles","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1998.2482","article-title":"Varieties of developmental reading disorder: Genetic and environmental influences","volume":"72","author":"Castles","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib7","unstructured":"Chow, E. M.-C., & Ho, C. S.-H. (2005). Paired associate learning among Hong Kong Chinese dyslexic children. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Reading, Toronto, Canada."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.4.589","article-title":"Models of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches","volume":"100","author":"Coltheart","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.108.1.204","article-title":"DRC: A computational model of visual word recognition and reading aloud","volume":"108","author":"Coltheart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib10","unstructured":"Fan, H.Y. (1986). Some discussion on the orthography of modern Chinese characters. Paper presented at the National Conference of Chinese Character Research, China. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib11","series-title":"Problems and interventions in literacy development","first-page":"163","article-title":"Methods to establish subtypes of developmental dyslexia","author":"Genard","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.94.1.34","article-title":"Predictors of exception word and nonword reading in dyslexic children: The severity hypothesis","volume":"94","author":"Griffiths","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.3.491","article-title":"Phonology, reading, and dyslexia: Insights from connectionist models","volume":"106","author":"Harm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib14","first-page":"34","article-title":"Reading patterns of children with learning difficulties in Hong Kong","volume":"7","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hong Kong Special Education Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.32.3.3","article-title":"Learning to read Chinese beyond the logographic phase","volume":"32","author":"Ho","year":"1997","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(03)00163-X","article-title":"Cognitive profiling and preliminary subtyping in Chinese developmental dyslexia","volume":"91","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.38.4.543","article-title":"The cognitive profile and multiple-deficit hypothesis in Chinese developmental dyslexia","volume":"38","author":"Ho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000905007154","article-title":"Word learning deficit among Chinese dyslexic children","volume":"33","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib19","unstructured":"Ho, C. S.-H., Chan, D. W.-O., Tsang, S.-M., & Lee, S.-H. (2000). The Hong Kong Test of Specific Learning Difficulties in Reading and Writing. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Specific Learning Difficulties Research Team."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S1041-6080(00)80004-7","article-title":"Naming-speed deficits and phonological memory deficits in Chinese developmental dyslexia","volume":"11","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008040922662","article-title":"The phonological deficit hypothesis in Chinese developmental dyslexia","volume":"13","author":"Ho","year":"2000","journal-title":"Reading and Writing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib22","series-title":"Psycholinguistic implications for linguistic relativity: A case study of Chinese","author":"Hoosain","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/02643299208252052","article-title":"Deficits in output phonology: An explanation of reading failure?","volume":"9","author":"Hulme","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cognitive Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib24","series-title":"Routes to reading success and failure","author":"Jackson","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600005783","article-title":"Identifying subtypes of reading disability in the Spanish language","volume":"5","author":"Jimenez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spanish Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400004380","article-title":"Phonological reading and reading acquisition","volume":"4","author":"Jorm","year":"1983","journal-title":"Applied Psycholinguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib27","series-title":"Information analysis of usage of characters in modern Chinese","first-page":"68","article-title":"Analysis of semantics of semantic\u2013phonetics compound characters in modern Chinese","author":"Kang","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib28","unstructured":"Leung, M.T., & Lee, A. W.-Y. (2002, May). Statistics and analysis of Chinese characters of primary grades in Hong Kong. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association, Hong Kong."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638208401142","article-title":"Neuropsychological characteristics of empirically derived subgroups of learning disabled readers","volume":"4","author":"Lyon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948101400505","article-title":"Empirically derived subgroups of learning disabled readers: Diagnostic characteristics","volume":"14","author":"Lyon","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0302_3","article-title":"See Dick RAN: Rapid naming and the longitudinal prediction of reading subskills in first and second graders","volume":"3","author":"Manis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(95)00679-6","article-title":"On the bases of two subtypes of developmental dyslexia","volume":"58","author":"Manis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1999.2525","article-title":"Pseudoname learning by German-speaking children with dyslexia: Evidence for a phonological learning deficit","volume":"75","author":"Mayringer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0965(02)00179-0","article-title":"Word, non-word, and visual paired associate learning in Dutch dyslexic children","volume":"84","author":"Messbauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib35","series-title":"Precursors of functional literacy","first-page":"69","article-title":"Manifestation of phonological deficits in dyslexia: Evidence from Dutch children","author":"Messbauer","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-0909(200007\/09)6:3<193::AID-DYS170>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Dyslexia may show a different face in different languages","volume":"6","author":"Miles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib37","unstructured":"Olson, R. K., Rack, J. P., & Forsberg, H. (1990). Profiles of abilities in dyslexic and reading-level-matched controls. Poster presented at the meeting of the Rodin Remediation Academy, Boulder, CO."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib38","series-title":"Reading research: Advances in theory and practice","first-page":"1","article-title":"Individual and developmental differences in reading disability","author":"Olson","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.112.1.43","article-title":"The lexical constituency model: Some implications of research on Chinese for general theories of reading","volume":"112","author":"Perfetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2006.04.010","article-title":"Brain\u2013behavior relations in reading and dyslexia: Implications of Chinese results","volume":"98","author":"Perfetti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.4.523","article-title":"A distributed, developmental model of word recognition","volume":"96","author":"Seidenberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.97.3.447","article-title":"More words but still no lexicon: Reply to Bestner et al. (1990)","volume":"97","author":"Seidenberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.5.6.531","article-title":"The speech code and learning to read","volume":"5","author":"Shankweiler","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)00645-2","article-title":"Phonological recoding and self-teaching: Sine qua non of reading acquisition","volume":"55","author":"Share","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00519","article-title":"Properties of school Chinese: Implications for learning to read","volume":"74","author":"Shu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.310","article-title":"The subtypes of developmental dyslexia in Chinese: Evidence from three cases","volume":"11","author":"Shu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02865","article-title":"Biological abnormality of impaired reading is constrained by culture","volume":"431","author":"Siok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib48","unstructured":"Sprenger-Charolles, L., & Serniclaes, W. (2003). Reliability of phonological and surface subtypes in developmental dyslexia: A review of five multiple cases studies [special issue]. Current Psychology Letters: Behavior, Brain, & Cognition, 10."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.89.1.114","article-title":"Converging evidence for phonological and surface subtypes of reading disability","volume":"89","author":"Stanovich","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib50","series-title":"Writing and literacy in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese","author":"Taylor","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib51","series-title":"Speech and reading: A comparative approach","first-page":"227","article-title":"Learning to be a conspirator: A tale of becoming a good Chinese reader","author":"Tzeng","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1995.1004","article-title":"Semantic and phonological coding in poor and normal readers","volume":"59","author":"Vellutino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00016-5","article-title":"A case study of an English\u2013Japanese bilingual with monolingual dyslexia","volume":"70","author":"Wydell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib54","series-title":"Language processing in Chinese","first-page":"349","article-title":"Deep and surface dyslexia in Chinese","author":"Yin","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib55","series-title":"Modern Chinese characters","author":"Yin","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib56","series-title":"Precise guide to pronunciation with Chinese phonological roots","author":"Zhou","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib57","series-title":"Analysis of cuing functions of the phonetic in modern China","author":"Zhu","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.131.1.3","article-title":"Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: A psycholinguistic grain size theory","volume":"131","author":"Ziegler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002_bib59","first-page":"1131","article-title":"Two routes or one in reading aloud? A connectionist dual-process model","volume":"24","author":"Zorzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096507000112?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096507000112?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T04:25:07Z","timestamp":1547007907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022096507000112"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022096507000112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2007.01.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0965","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]}}}