{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T13:03:19Z","timestamp":1789736599519,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,1]],"date-time":"2011-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1301616000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,16]],"date-time":"2010-12-16T09:33:50Z","timestamp":1292492030000},"page":"762-785","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["What is the deficit in phonological processing deficits: Auditory sensitivity, masking, or category formation?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Nittrouer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Shune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna H.","family":"Lowenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1970.tb01250.x","article-title":"Effects of acoustic and semantic similarity on short-term paired-associate learning","volume":"61","author":"Baddeley","year":"1970","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210703","article-title":"Discovering phonetic coherence in acoustic patterns","volume":"45","author":"Best","year":"1989","journal-title":"Perception & Psychophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4206.1295","article-title":"Auditory temporal processing impairment: Neither necessary nor sufficient for causing language impairment in children","volume":"42","author":"Bishop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.04.003","article-title":"Deficient implicit phonological representations in children with dyslexia","volume":"95","author":"Boada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(83)90087-5","article-title":"Speech perception and memory coding in relation to reading ability","volume":"35","author":"Brady","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2000.2624","article-title":"Speech perception, lexicality, and reading skill","volume":"80","author":"Chiappe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/021)","article-title":"A family aggregation study: The influence of family history and other risk factors on language development","volume":"46","author":"Choudhury","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00899.x","article-title":"Acoustic confusions in immediate memory","volume":"55","author":"Conrad","year":"1964","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0045","series-title":"Phonology and reading disability: Solving the reading puzzle","first-page":"133","article-title":"Why poor readers misunderstand spoken sentences","author":"Crain","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3201.112","article-title":"Fine-grained auditory discrimination in normal children and children with language-learning problems","volume":"32","author":"Elliott","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0055","series-title":"Probit analysis","author":"Finney","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.1.6","article-title":"Cognitive profiles of reading disability: Comparisons of discrepancy and low achievement","volume":"86","author":"Fletcher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(81)90105-3","article-title":"Performance of dyslexic children on speech perception tests","volume":"32","author":"Godfrey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0070","series-title":"Goldman\u2013Fristoe Test of Articulation\u20132","author":"Goldman","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900002786","article-title":"Learning the phonetic cues to the voiced\u2013voiceless distinction: A comparison of child and adult speech perception","volume":"7","author":"Greenlee","year":"1980","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2003.08.012","article-title":"The auditory basis of language impairments: Temporal processing versus processing efficiency hypotheses","volume":"67","author":"Hartley","year":"2003","journal-title":"International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0220)","article-title":"Speech perception abilities of adults with dyslexia: Is there any evidence for a true deficit?","volume":"52","author":"Hazan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2002.2670","article-title":"Phoneme awareness is a better predictor of early reading skill than onset-rime awareness","volume":"82","author":"Hulme","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02064.x","article-title":"Directional effects between rapid auditory processing and phonological awareness in children","volume":"50","author":"Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1044\/1058-0360.0802.118","article-title":"Early reading achievement in children with expressive phonological disorders","volume":"8","author":"Larrivee","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech\u2013Language Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0105","series-title":"Toward a psychology of reading: The proceedings of the CUNY Conferences","first-page":"207","article-title":"Phonetic segmentation and recoding in the beginning reader","author":"Liberman","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9","article-title":"A definition of dyslexia","volume":"53","author":"Lyon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1745625","article-title":"Evaluation of the Computer-Assisted Speech Perception Assessment test (CASPA)","volume":"12","author":"Mackersie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0008-2","article-title":"Phonological awareness, speech development, and letter knowledge in preschool children","volume":"53","author":"Mann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948401701005","article-title":"Phonological awareness and verbal short-term memory","volume":"17","author":"Mann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.1996.2343","article-title":"Speech perception deficits in poor readers: Auditory processing or phonological coding?","volume":"64","author":"Mody","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4204.925","article-title":"Do temporal processing deficits cause phonological processing problems?","volume":"42","author":"Nittrouer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1651192","article-title":"The role of temporal and dynamic signal components in the perception of syllable-final stop voicing by children and adults","volume":"115","author":"Nittrouer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1940508","article-title":"Age-related differences in weighting and masking of two cues to word-final stop voicing in noise","volume":"118","author":"Nittrouer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustical Society of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.60.110707.163548","article-title":"Relations among speech, language, and reading disorders","volume":"60","author":"Pennington","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.2307\/1130836","article-title":"Phonological processing skills and deficits in adult dyslexics","volume":"61","author":"Pennington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(89)90006-4","article-title":"Speech perception and the discrimination of brief auditory cues in reading disabled children","volume":"48","author":"Reed","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2009\/08-0114)","article-title":"Backward and simultaneous masking in children with grammatical specific language impairment: No simple link between auditory and language abilities","volume":"52","author":"Rosen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2001\/057)","article-title":"Is there a relationship between speech and non-speech auditory processing in children with dyslexia?","volume":"44","author":"Rosen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0175","series-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Fourth Edition (CELF-4)","author":"Semel","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802101003","article-title":"Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: The phonological\u2013core variable-difference model","volume":"21","author":"Stanovich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0965(84)90120-6","article-title":"Assessing phonological awareness in kindergarten children: Issues of task comparability","volume":"38","author":"Stanovich","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3606.1286","article-title":"Perception of formant transition cues to place of articulation in children with language impairments","volume":"36","author":"Sussman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4205.1275","article-title":"Present and future possibilities for defining a phenotype for specific language impairment","volume":"42","author":"Tager-Flusberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-934X(80)90139-X","article-title":"Auditory temporal perception, phonics, and reading disabilities in children","volume":"9","author":"Tallal","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5245.81","article-title":"Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech","volume":"271","author":"Tallal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb22957.x","article-title":"Neurobiological basis of speech: A case for the preeminence of temporal processing","volume":"682","author":"Tallal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(73)90025-0","article-title":"Developmental aphasia: Impaired rate of non-verbal processing as a function of sensory modality","volume":"11","author":"Tallal","year":"1973","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(74)90030-X","article-title":"Developmental aphasia: Rate of auditory processing and selective impairment of consonant perception","volume":"12","author":"Tallal","year":"1974","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.2403.351","article-title":"A reexamination of some nonverbal perceptual abilities of language-impaired and normal children as a function of age and sensory modality","volume":"24","author":"Tallal","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Speech and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0230","series-title":"TONE: Tone-analog waveform synthesizer","author":"Tice","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0235","series-title":"The Wide Range Achievement Test\u20134","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/387176a0","article-title":"Deficits in auditory temporal and spectral resolution in language-impaired children","volume":"387","author":"Wright","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14110","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504446102","article-title":"Deficits in speech perception predict language learning impairment","volume":"102","author":"Ziegler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00817.x","article-title":"Speech-perception-in-noise deficits in dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Ziegler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Developmental Science"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096510002109?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096510002109?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,4]],"date-time":"2023-06-04T14:24:25Z","timestamp":1685888665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022096510002109"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022096510002109"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.10.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0965","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,4]]}}}