{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:41:41Z","timestamp":1786992101515,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T05:01:51Z","timestamp":1605848511000},"page":"105013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The consequences of outgroup helping: Children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 reasoning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6448-4700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Hitti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly Lynn","family":"Mulvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01135.x","article-title":"Children\u2019s judgments of disloyal and immoral peer behavior: Subjective group dynamics in minimal intergroup contexts","volume":"79","author":"Abrams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01256.x","article-title":"Children\u2019s group nous: Understanding and applying peer exclusion within and between groups","volume":"80","author":"Abrams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1971(86)80029-X","article-title":"The importance of peer group (\u201ccrowd\u201d) affiliation in adolescence","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.37.4.550","article-title":"Peer rejection as antecedent of young children\u2019s school adjustment: An examination of mediating processes","volume":"37","author":"Buhs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.1","article-title":"Peer exclusion and victimization: Processes that mediate the relation between peer group rejection and children\u2019s classroom engagement and achievement?","volume":"98","author":"Buhs","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0035","series-title":"Applied multiple regression\/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038796","article-title":"Children\u2019s evaluations of resource allocation in the context of group norms","volume":"51","author":"Cooley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0045","series-title":"Social exclusion: Psychological approaches to understanding and reducing its impact","first-page":"89","article-title":"Research in developmental psychology: Social exclusion among children and adolescents","author":"Elenbaas","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2016.07.002","article-title":"Rectifying social inequalities in a resource allocation task","volume":"155","author":"Elenbaas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Faul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07155","article-title":"Egalitarianism in young children","volume":"454","author":"Fehr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0065","series-title":"Encyclopedia of adolescence","article-title":"Social exclusion in adolescence","author":"Hitti","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12047","article-title":"When is it okay to exclude a member of the ingroup? Children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 social reasoning","volume":"23","author":"Hitti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0075","series-title":"Children and social exclusion: Morality, prejudice, and group identity","author":"Killen","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12011","article-title":"Development of intra- and intergroup judgments in the context of moral and social-conventional norms","volume":"84","author":"Killen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2017.02.001","article-title":"Theory of mind and resource allocation in the context of hidden inequality","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e703","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13094","article-title":"The role of competitive and cooperative norms in the development of deviant evaluations","volume":"90","author":"McGuire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12157","article-title":"Children\u2019s reasoning about social exclusion: Balancing many factors","volume":"10","author":"Mulvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000531","article-title":"You don\u2019t need to talk to throw a ball! Children\u2019s inclusion of language-outgroup members in behavioral and hypothetical scenarios","volume":"54","author":"Mulvey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2015.10.002","article-title":"Evaluations of intergroup resource allocations: The role of theory of mind","volume":"142","author":"Mulvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/josi.12045","article-title":"When do children dislike ingroup members? Resource allocation from individual and group perspectives","volume":"70","author":"Mulvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-016-0437-y","article-title":"Keeping quiet just wouldn\u2019t be right: Children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 evaluations of challenges to peer relational and physical aggression","volume":"45","author":"Mulvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Youth & Adolescence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathews, C., Medina, M., Ba\u00f1ales, J., Pinetta, B., Marchand, A., Agi, A., Miller, S., Hoffman, A., Diemer, M., & Rivas\u2010Drake, D. (2019). Mapping the Intersections of Adolescents\u2019 Ethnic-Racial Identity and Critical Consciousness. Adolescent Research Review. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40894-019-00122-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-019-00122-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12600","article-title":"Race-based humor and peer group dynamics in adolescence: Bystander intervention and social exclusion","volume":"87","author":"Mulvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0130","series-title":"The development of the social self","first-page":"219","article-title":"Social identity processes and children\u2019s ethnic prejudice","author":"Nesdale","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nesdale, D., Durkin, K., Maass, A., & Griffiths, J. (2005). Threat, group identification, and children's ethnic prejudice. Social Development, 14, 189\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2005.00298.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2005.00298.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.2011.29.3.270","article-title":"Children\u2019s responses to group-based inequalities: Perpetuation and rectification","volume":"29","author":"Olson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000134","article-title":"Children\u2019s recognition of fairness and others\u2019 welfare in a resource allocation task: Age related changes","volume":"52","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797615572758","article-title":"When does the in-group like the out-group? Bias among children as a function of group norms","volume":"26","author":"Rutland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12012","article-title":"A developmental science approach to reducing prejudice and social exclusion: Intergroup processes, social-cognitive development, and moral reasoning","volume":"9","author":"Rutland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Issues and Policy Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12211","article-title":"Fair resource allocation among children and adolescents: The role of group and developmental processes","volume":"11","author":"Rutland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610369468","article-title":"A new social-cognitive developmental perspective on prejudice: The interplay between morality and group identity","volume":"5","author":"Rutland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2018.03.016","article-title":"Costs of helping only influence children\u2019s intention to help ethnic out-group peers","volume":"173","author":"Sierksma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000478","article-title":"Children\u2019s helping behavior in an ethnic intergroup context: Evidence for outgroup helping","volume":"54","author":"Sierksma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2014.06.002","article-title":"Children\u2019s intergroup helping: The role of empathy and peer group norms","volume":"126","author":"Sierksma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0180","series-title":"Handbook of moral development","first-page":"119","article-title":"Social-cognitive domain theory: Consistencies and variations in children\u2019s moral and social judgments","author":"Smetana","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0185","series-title":"Handbook of moral development","first-page":"23","article-title":"The social domain approach to children\u2019s moral and social judgments","author":"Smetana","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0190","series-title":"The social psychology of intergroup relations","first-page":"33","article-title":"The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour","author":"Tajfel","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2018.05.014","article-title":"Young people\u2019s reasoning about exclusion in novel groups","volume":"175","author":"Tenenbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0200","series-title":"The development of social knowledge: Morality and convention","author":"Turiel","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2007.04.001","article-title":"Thought about actions in social domains: Morality, social conventions, and social interactions","volume":"23","author":"Turiel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.07.008","article-title":"The neural correlates of dealing with social exclusion in childhood","volume":"103","author":"van der Meulen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12173","article-title":"Peer influence on prosocial behavior in adolescence","volume":"26","author":"van Hoorn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsq048","article-title":"Co-occurrence of victimization from five subtypes of bullying: Physical, verbal, social exclusion, spreading rumors, and cyber","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2307\/2531734","article-title":"Models for longitudinal data: A generalized estimating equation approach","volume":"44","author":"Zeger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biometrics"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096520304677?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096520304677?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T19:08:03Z","timestamp":1610478483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022096520304677"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0022096520304677"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0965","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The consequences of outgroup helping: Children\u2019s and adolescents\u2019 reasoning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2020.105013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105013"}}