{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:45:42Z","timestamp":1789148742718,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T10:02:17Z","timestamp":1717236137000},"page":"105976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["When is it appropriate to ask a question? The role of age, social context, and personality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"245","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Ransom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azzurra","family":"Ruggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Ronfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/per.460","article-title":"Validity of Big Five personality judgments in childhood: A 9 year longitudinal study","volume":"17","author":"Asendorpf","year":"2003","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2012.01160.x","article-title":"Infant pointing serves an interrogative function","volume":"15","author":"Begus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.15.6.608","article-title":"Developmental changes in conformity to peers and parents","volume":"15","author":"Berndt","year":"1979","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0984(199612)10:5<337::AID-PER258>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Personality traits, learning strategies, and performance","volume":"10","author":"Blickle","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Personality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2014(92)90012-G","article-title":"Preschoolers\u2019 questions and parents\u2019 explanations: Causal thinking in everyday activity","volume":"7","author":"Callanan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.1892","article-title":"The role of temperament in children's reliance on others as sources of information","volume":"24","author":"Canfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infant and Child Development"},{"issue":"1 Serial No. 286","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0035","article-title":"Children\u2019s questions: A mechanism for cognitive development","volume":"72","author":"Chouinard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00792.x","article-title":"Choosing your informant: Weighing familiarity and recent accuracy","volume":"12","author":"Corriveau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01356.x","article-title":"Preschoolers\u2019 search for explanatory information within adult\u2013child conversation","volume":"80","author":"Frazier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/1130905","article-title":"Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships","volume":"63","author":"Furman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s11245-013-9180-0","article-title":"Infants understand how testimony works","volume":"33","author":"Harris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Topoi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7884","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620745114","article-title":"Young children communicate their ignorance and ask questions","volume":"114","author":"Harris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12243","article-title":"Preschoolers' conformity (and its motivation) is linked to own and parents' personalities","volume":"36","author":"Hellmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"British Journal of Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.190","article-title":"The Early Parenting Attitudes Questionnaire: Measuring intuitive theories of parenting and child development","volume":"6","author":"Hembacher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Collabra Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0080","series-title":"Handbook of personality: Theory and research","first-page":"102","article-title":"The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives","author":"John","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12707","article-title":"Communicating to learn: Infants\u2019 pointing gestures result in optimal learning","volume":"89","author":"Lucca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2010.516419","article-title":"Preschoolers use questions as a tool to acquire knowledge from different sources","volume":"11","author":"Mills","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723713493346","article-title":"Mothers respond differently to infants\u2019 gestural versus nongestural communicative bids","volume":"33","author":"Olson","year":"2013","journal-title":"First Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001","article-title":"Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German","volume":"41","author":"Rammstedt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13153","article-title":"Personality predicts innovation and social learning in children: Implications for cultural evolution","volume":"25","author":"Rawlings","year":"2022","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38821-x","article-title":"Inefficient prioritization of task-relevant attributes during instrumental information demand","volume":"14","author":"Rischall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167202289008","article-title":"The Big Five personality factors and personal values","volume":"28","author":"Roccas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2021.1891902","article-title":"Testing what you\u2019re told: Young children\u2019s empirical investigation of a surprising claim","volume":"22","author":"Ronfard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2018.05.002","article-title":"Question-asking in childhood: A review of the literature and a framework for understanding its development","volume":"49","author":"Ronfard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2018.06.006","article-title":"Preschoolers sometimes seek help from socially engaged informants over competent ones","volume":"48","author":"Rowles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00918","article-title":"How basic-level objects facilitate question-asking in a categorization task","volume":"6","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.07.004","article-title":"Children adapt their questions to achieve efficient search","volume":"143","author":"Ruggeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/1125682","article-title":"The influence of age, sex, and situation on the frequency, form, and function of questions asked by preschool children","volume":"4","author":"Smith","year":"1933","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797613516470","article-title":"Heralding the authoritarian? Orientation toward authority in early childhood","volume":"25","author":"Tagar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1983.tb00575.x","article-title":"Children\u2019s questions and adults\u2019 answers","volume":"24","author":"Tizard","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2005.00849.x","article-title":"Preschoolers mistrust ignorant and inaccurate speakers","volume":"76","author":"Koenig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/01638539109544790","article-title":"Preschool children\u2019s conversation intrusions: Behavior and metapragmatic knowledge","volume":"14","author":"Sachs","year":"1991","journal-title":"Discourse Processes"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096524001164?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096524001164?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T18:19:00Z","timestamp":1717611540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022096524001164"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0022096524001164"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0965","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"When is it appropriate to ask a question? The role of age, social context, and personality","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.105976","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105976"}}