{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:37:45Z","timestamp":1777624665309,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,3,21]],"date-time":"2027-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1805587200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":263,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRK12-2010547"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRK12-2010547"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DRL - 0849566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DRL - 0849566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T11:43:50Z","timestamp":1774093430000},"page":"106508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of language in executive function development: Evidence from oral deaf preschoolers"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"267","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7188-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Ribner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Peretz-Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talia","family":"Berkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Shusterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000296","article-title":"Executive Function and Academic Achievement: Longitudinal Relations from Early Childhood to Adolescence","volume":"111","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000021","article-title":"Inner speech: Development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology","volume":"141","author":"Alderson-Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.130.4.641","article-title":"Working memory and the control of action: Evidence from task switching","volume":"130","author":"Baddeley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.06.103","article-title":"Is problem solving dependent on language?","volume":"92","author":"Baldo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain and Language"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01397.x","article-title":"From External Regulation to Self-Regulation: Early Parenting Precursors of Young Children\u2019s Executive Functioning","volume":"81","author":"Bernier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.10103","article-title":"Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation in young children: Relations with self-regulation and adaptation to preschool in children attending Head Start","volume":"42","author":"Blair","year":"2003","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033647","article-title":"Two Approaches to estimating the effect of Parenting on the Development of Executive Function in Early Childhood","volume":"50","author":"Blair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001300","article-title":"Cochlear implants or hearing aids: Speech perception, language, and executive function outcomes","volume":"44","author":"Boerrigter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21460","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities for hearing-impaired children in the United States","volume":"121","author":"Boss","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12659","article-title":"Nonverbal Executive Function is Mediated by Language: A Study of Deaf and Hearing Children","volume":"88","author":"Botting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib405","series-title":"ROWPVT upper-extension: Receptive one-word picture vocabulary test","author":"Brownell","year":"1987"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.09.047","article-title":"Delays in Diagnosis of Congenital Hearing loss in Rural Children","volume":"164","author":"Bush","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00333","article-title":"Individual differences in Inhibitory Control and Children\u2019s Theory of mind","volume":"72","author":"Carlson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.01.029","article-title":"Deaf Children of Hearing Parents have Age-Level Vocabulary Growth when Exposed to American Sign Language by 6 months of Age","volume":"232","author":"Caselli","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aud.0000240640.59205.42","article-title":"The Age at which Young Deaf Children Receive Cochlear Implants and their Vocabulary and Speech-Production growth: Is there an added Value for Early Implantation?","volume":"27","author":"Connor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13065","article-title":"Maternal Language and Child Vocabulary Mediate Relations between Socioeconomic Status and Executive Function during Early Childhood","volume":"90","author":"Daneri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0075","series-title":"In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Boston Conference on Language Development","article-title":"Complementing cognition: The relationship between language and theory of mind","author":"de Villiers","year":"1997"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres11040063","article-title":"Executive functions and deafness: Results in a group of cochlear implanted children","volume":"11","author":"De Giacomo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Audiology Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143750","article-title":"Executive Functions","volume":"64","author":"Diamond","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0095","first-page":"51","article-title":"cocron: A web interface and R package for the statistical comparison of Cronbach\u2019s alpha coefficients","volume":"11","author":"Diedenhofen","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Internet Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib406","article-title":"PPVT-4: Peabody picture vocabulary test","author":"Dunn","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Guidance Service."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.3766\/jaaa.15138","article-title":"Factors affecting daily cochlear implant use in children: Datalogging evidence","volume":"27","author":"Easwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Audiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-596X(02)00511-9","article-title":"The role of inner speech in task switching: A dual-task investigation","volume":"48","author":"Emerson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164401615001","article-title":"The performance of the full information maximum likelihood estimator in multiple regression models with missing data","volume":"61","author":"Enders","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.08.014","article-title":"Inner speech as language process and cognitive tool","volume":"27","author":"Fernyhough","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enm067","article-title":"Executive Function and Language in Deaf Children","volume":"13","author":"Figueras","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2008.04.007","article-title":"Number as a cognitive technology: Evidence from Pirah\u00e3 language and cognition","volume":"108","author":"Frank","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.137.2.201","article-title":"Individual differences in Executive Functions are almost Entirely Genetic in Origin","volume":"137","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021065","article-title":"Verbal ability and executive functioning development in preschoolers at head start","volume":"47","author":"Fuhs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib409","series-title":"Preschool language scales \u2013","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0140","unstructured":"Gallucci, M. (2020). jAMM: jamovi Advanced Mediation Models. [jamovi module]. Retrieved from https:\/\/jamovi-amm.github.io\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib403","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.134.1.31","article-title":"Executive function in preschoolers: a review using an integrative framework","volume":"134","author":"Garon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59S","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AUD.0000051690.43989.5D","article-title":"Predictors of Reading Skill Development in Children with Early Cochlear Implantation","volume":"24","author":"Geers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13677","article-title":"Language not auditory experience is related to parent-reported executive functioning in preschool-aged deaf and hard-of-hearing children","volume":"93","author":"Goodwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/deafed\/enw054","article-title":"Auditory Deprivation does not Impair Executive Function, but Language Deprivation Might: Evidence from a Parent-Report measure in Deaf Native Signing Children","volume":"22","author":"Hall","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-L-17-0281","article-title":"Executive Function in Deaf Children: Auditory Access and Language Access","volume":"61","author":"Hall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00331","article-title":"Stability of executive function and predictions to adaptive behavior from middle childhood to pre-adolescence","volume":"5","author":"Harms","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1998.0713","article-title":"Sources of Flexibility in Human Cognition: Dual-Task Studies of Space and Language","volume":"39","author":"Hermer-Vazquez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e31816c409f","article-title":"An Exploratory look at Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: Is Earliest always best?","volume":"29","author":"Holt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/cd.234","article-title":"How do families help or hinder the emergence of early executive function?","volume":"123","author":"Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0185","unstructured":"The jamovi project (2022). jamovi. (Version 2.3) [Computer Software]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_AJSLP-22-00352","article-title":"Comparing scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test in preschoolers with and without hearing loss","volume":"32","author":"Ingvalson","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib402","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000160","article-title":"The unity and diversity of executive functions: A systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies","volume":"144","author":"Karr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological bulletin"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00673.x","article-title":"Verbal self-instructions in task switching: A compensatory tool for action-control deficits in childhood and old age?","volume":"11","author":"Kray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0210","series-title":"The Oxford handbook of deaf studies in learning and cognition","article-title":"Why are children with cochlear implants at risk for executive functioning delays?","author":"Kronenberger","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1044\/2019_JSLHR-19-00247","article-title":"Longitudinal development of executive functioning and spoken language skills in preschool-aged children with cochlear implants","volume":"63","author":"Kronenberger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2016.03.008","article-title":"The contribution of children\u2019s time-specific and longitudinal expressive language skills on developmental trajectories of executive function","volume":"148","author":"Kuhn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2014.907325","article-title":"The effect of friendly touch on delay-of-gratification in preschool children","volume":"67","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-014-9424-3","article-title":"Executive Function among Preschool Children: Unitary Versus Distinct Abilities","volume":"36","author":"Lerner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)61203-6","article-title":"Personality differences in the perceptually handicapped","volume":"11","author":"Lesser","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.06.002","article-title":"The roles of private speech and inner speech in planning during middle childhood: Evidence from a dual task paradigm","volume":"107","author":"Lidstone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2008.00754.x","article-title":"A hierarchical competing systems model of the emergence and early development of executive function","volume":"12","author":"Marcovitch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00527","article-title":"Deaf children's non-verbal working memory is impacted by their language experience","volume":"6","author":"Marshall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001098","article-title":"Variation in auditory experience affects language and executive function skills in children who are hard of hearing","volume":"43","author":"McCreery","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ear and Hearing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2022.105374","article-title":"Executive functions in deaf and hearing children: The mediating role of language skills in inhibitory control","volume":"218","author":"Merch\u00e1n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9369-2","article-title":"Does childhood executive function predict adolescent functional outcomes in girls with ADHD?","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027792","article-title":"Executive functions in girls with ADHD followed prospectively into young adulthood","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1353\/sls.2004.0005","article-title":"Chasing the mythical ten percent: Parental hearing status of deaf and hard of hearing students in the united states","volume":"4","author":"Mitchell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sign Language Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1999.0734","article-title":"The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex \u201cfrontal lobe\u201d tasks: A latent variable analysis","volume":"41","author":"Miyake","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0290","unstructured":"Myklebust, H. R. (1960). The psychology of deafness: Sensory deprivation, learning, and adjustment (pp. xii, 393). Grune & Stratton."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0285","series-title":"Private speech, executive functioning, and the development of verbal self-regulation","first-page":"53","article-title":"The executive functions of language in preschool children","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib401","series-title":"Handbook of child psychology and developmental science","first-page":"571","article-title":"The development of executive function","volume":"2","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2015"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1080\/09687599.2013.818773","article-title":"The social model of disability: thirty years on","volume":"28","author":"Oliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disability & Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.04.003","article-title":"Weaknesses in executive functioning predict the initiating of adolescents\u2019 alcohol use","volume":"16","author":"Peeters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1037\/h0072870","article-title":"A comparison of deaf and hearing children in visual memory for digits","volume":"2","author":"Pintner","year":"1917","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2007.05.002","article-title":"Genetic analyses of the stability of executive functioning during childhood","volume":"76","author":"Polderman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib411","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12116","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914044107","article-title":"Evidence from an emerging sign language reveals that language supports spatial cognition","volume":"107","author":"Pyers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00284.x","article-title":"The impact of audition on the development of visual attention","volume":"5","author":"Quittner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.1501.93","article-title":"Behavior problems of deaf children and adolescents: A factor-analytic study","volume":"15","author":"Reivich","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journal of Speech & Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribner, A., Devine, R. T., Blair, C., Hughes, C., & Investigators, N. (2022). Mothers\u2019 and fathers\u2019 executive function both predict emergent executive function in toddlerhood. Developmental Science, e13263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/desc.13263.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/v7m9a"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1080\/00220671.2014.979913","article-title":"Executive functioning predicts academic achievement in middle school: A four-year longitudinal study","volume":"109","author":"Samuels","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-023-00202-w","article-title":"Language experience matters for the emergence of early numerical concepts","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Science of Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01004.x","article-title":"Language and theory of mind: A study of deaf children","volume":"78","author":"Schick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib407","series-title":"CELF 4: Clinical evaluation of language fundamentals 4","author":"Semel","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e468","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13793","article-title":"The development of early numeracy in deaf and hard of hearing children acquiring spoken language","volume":"93","author":"Shusterman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.5.840","article-title":"Audition and visual attention: The developmental trajectory in deaf and hearing populations","volume":"34","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1191\/0265659002ct227oa","article-title":"The criterion validity of four vocabulary tests compared with a language sample","volume":"18","author":"Ukrainetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Language Teaching and Therapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and Word. In Thought and language. (pp. 119\u2013153). MIT Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/11193-007.","DOI":"10.1037\/11193-007"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1044\/2015_JSLHR-H-15-0043","article-title":"The influence of hearing aid use on outcomes of children with mild hearing loss","volume":"58","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0376","article-title":"Interfering with inner speech selectively disrupts problem solving and is linked with real-world executive functioning","volume":"60","author":"Wallace","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_bib408","series-title":"The SKI-HI language development scale (LDS): Assessment of language skills for children who are deaf or hard of hearing from infancy to five years of age","author":"Watkins","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.1829","article-title":"The co-occurring development of executive function skills and receptive vocabulary in preschool-aged children: A look at the direction of the developmental pathways","volume":"23","author":"Weiland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infant and Child Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2010.08.008","article-title":"The structure of executive function in 3-year-olds","volume":"108","author":"Wiebe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025779","article-title":"Executive function in early childhood: Longitudinal measurement invariance and developmental change","volume":"24","author":"Willoughby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000900004402","article-title":"Age-related changes in preschool children\u2019s systematic use of private speech in a natural setting","volume":"27","author":"Winsler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2015.07.001","article-title":"Executive function: Reflection, iterative reprocessing, complexity, and the developing brain","volume":"38","author":"Zelazo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/mono.12032","article-title":"Ii. NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (cb): Measuring Executive Function and attention","volume":"78","author":"Zelazo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096526000603?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096526000603?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:34:27Z","timestamp":1777419267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022096526000603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["S0022096526000603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0965","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of language in executive function development: Evidence from oral deaf preschoolers","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106508","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106508"}}