{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:27:49Z","timestamp":1786123669857,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,7,25]],"date-time":"2027-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1816473600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":236,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03HD107651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03HD107651"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012793","name":"Marquette University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:37:52Z","timestamp":1784939872000},"page":"106604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Offline and online de novo motor skill learning differs in young children and adults"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"272","author":[{"given":"Cassandra J.","family":"Kemmel-Bartletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecelia","family":"Stefo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6093-7266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel T.","family":"Nemanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12132","article-title":"A matter of time: Rapid motor memory stabilization in childhood","volume":"17","author":"Adi-Japha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.07.003","article-title":"Motor memory in childhood: Early expression of consolidation phase gains","volume":"106","author":"Ashtamker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12119","article-title":"Sleep enhances memory consolidation in children","volume":"23","author":"Ashworth","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326942dn2903_2","article-title":"Developmental changes in unimanual and bimanual aiming movements","volume":"29","author":"Barral","year":"2006","journal-title":"Developmental Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13536","article-title":"Distinct mechanisms for online and offline motor skill learning across human development","volume":"27","author":"Beck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0030","article-title":"Bodily Illusions in Young Children: Developmental Change in Visual and Proprioceptive Contributions to Perceived Hand Position","volume":"8","author":"Bremner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One1"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79538-1","article-title":"The contributions of motor skill proficiency to cognitive and social development in early childhood","volume":"14","author":"Capio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.07.010","article-title":"Development of action representation during adolescence","volume":"45","author":"Choudhury","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.12.040","article-title":"Updating process of internal models of action as assessed from motor and postural strategies in children","volume":"233","author":"Cignetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.07.006","article-title":"Development of forward models for hand localization and movement control in 6-to 10-year-old children","volume":"25","author":"Contreras-Vidal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000240","article-title":"Reduced susceptibility to interference in the consolidation of motor memory before adolescence","volume":"2","author":"Dorfberger","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00158","article-title":"Children and adults both Learn Motor Sequences Quickly, but do so Differently","volume":"8","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrel, C., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (2001). Coordination in childhood: modifications of visuomotor representations in 6-to 11-year-old children. Experimental Brain Research, 138(3), 313-321. https:\/\/doi.org\/DOI 10.1007\/s002210100697.","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210100697"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.536849","article-title":"The Long-Term Athlete Development model: Physiological evidence and application","volume":"29","author":"Ford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gastrock, R. Q., 't Hart, B. M., & Henriques, D. Y. P. (2024). Distinct learning, retention, and generalization patterns in de novo learning versus motor adaptation. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-59445-1.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59445-1"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-00002478","article-title":"Multisensory Integration and Calibration in Children and adults with and without Sensory and Motor Disabilities","volume":"28","author":"Gori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multisensory Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916211045971","article-title":"The Sweet Spot: When Children's developing Abilities, Brains, and Knowledge make Them Better Learners than adults","volume":"17","author":"Gualtieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0090","first-page":"19","article-title":"Sensitive and critical periods of motor co-ordination development and its relation to motor learning","volume":"7","author":"Hirtz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Human Kinetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzz025","article-title":"The Interdependence of Motor and Social Skill Development: Influence on Participation","volume":"99","author":"Holloway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.01009.x","article-title":"Late maturation of auditory perceptual learning","volume":"14","author":"Huyck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.11.014","article-title":"Implicit and explicit motor sequence learning in children born very preterm","volume":"60","author":"Jongbloed-Pereboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2014.02.001","article-title":"Development of interactions between sensorimotor representations in school-aged children","volume":"34","author":"Kagerer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2019.tb00069.x","article-title":"Motor Learning","volume":"9","author":"Krakauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.07.007","article-title":"A critical period plasticity framework for the sensorimotor-association axis of cortical neurodevelopment","volume":"46","author":"Larsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2865","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05639-3","article-title":"Online and offline contributions to motor learning change with practice, but are similar across development","volume":"237","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1967-8","article-title":"Associations between motor proficiency and academic performance in mathematics and reading in year 1 school children: A cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Macdonald","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41539-025-00304-7","article-title":"The control of movement gradually transitions from feedback control to feedforward adaptation throughout childhood","volume":"10","author":"Malone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Npj Science of Learning"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0140","article-title":"Influence of sleep on motor skill acquisition in children: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Marques","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Sleep Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2021.101472","article-title":"Sleep and human cognitive development","volume":"57","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1177\/00315125241284785","article-title":"Associations between Fundamental Motor Skill Domains and Physical Fitness Components in 5-11-Year-Old Children","volume":"131","author":"Mazzardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Perceptual and Motor Skills"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13095","article-title":"Development of directed and random exploration in children","volume":"24","author":"Meder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01002.2010","article-title":"Unique characteristics of motor adaptation during walking in young children","volume":"105","author":"Musselman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0762-6","article-title":"Age-related differences in the reaching and grasping coordination in children: Unimanual and bimanual tasks","volume":"179","author":"Olivier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1156-z","article-title":"The development of coordination for reach-to-grasp movements in children","volume":"146","author":"Schneiberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032996","article-title":"Developmental changes in motor control: Insights from bimanual coordination","volume":"50","author":"Serrien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00538","article-title":"A Golden Age for Motor Skill Learning? Learning of an Unfamiliar Motor Task in 10-Year-Olds, Young adults, and adults, when Starting from Similar Baselines","volume":"11","author":"Solum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2010.497035","article-title":"Implicit and explicit learning: Applications from basic research to sports for individuals with impaired movement dynamics","volume":"32","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disability and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01173.2002","article-title":"Neuromotor noise limits motor performance, but not motor adaptation, in children","volume":"90","author":"Takahashi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1006\/jecp.2000.2613","article-title":"Serial reaction time learning in preschool- and school-age children","volume":"79","author":"Thomas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2019.102556","article-title":"The role of working memory capacity in implicit and explicit sequence learning of children: Differentiating movement speed and accuracy","volume":"69","author":"van Abswoude","year":"2020","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1947010","article-title":"Implicit motor learning in primary school children: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"van Abswoude","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1519\/SSC.0000000000000545","article-title":"Sensitive periods to Train General Motor Abilities in Children and Adolescents: Do they Exist? a critical Appraisal","volume":"42","author":"Van Hooren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strength and Conditioning Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s44271-024-00082-9","article-title":"Children exhibit a developmental advantage in the offline processing of a learned motor sequence","volume":"2","author":"Van Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Communications Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5781-10.2011","article-title":"Younger is not always Better: Development of Locomotor Adaptation from Childhood to Adulthood","volume":"31","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.803708","article-title":"Sleep in children improves memory performance on declarative but not procedural tasks","volume":"15","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learning and Memory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.62578","article-title":"De novo learning versus adaptation of continuous control in a manual tracking task","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096526001566?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096526001566?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:13:58Z","timestamp":1786119238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022096526001566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0022096526001566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0965","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Offline and online de novo motor skill learning differs in young children and adults","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106604","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106604"}}