{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:51:08Z","timestamp":1792061468504,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,3,1]],"date-time":"2027-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1803859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,3,1]],"date-time":"2027-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1803859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:46:25Z","timestamp":1792050385000},"page":"106689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["How social status shapes U.S. children\u2019s beliefs about social mobility"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5550-5629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyi","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ineassa","family":"Dassani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim Wei-Ting","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/sode.12706","article-title":"Eight\u2010to 12\u2010year\u2010old US children's emerging subjective social status identity and intergroup attitudes","volume":"33","author":"Ackerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Social Development"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13496","article-title":"How barriers become invisible: Children are less sensitive to constraints that are stable over time","volume":"27","author":"Amemiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001428","article-title":"Emphasizing others\u2019 persistence can promote unwarranted social inferences in children and adults","volume":"152","author":"Amemiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226550","article-title":"Measuring subjective social status in children of diverse societies","volume":"14","author":"Amir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plos one"},{"issue":"6323","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah6524","article-title":"Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children\u2019s interests","volume":"355","author":"Bian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2024.106117","article-title":"Social status is related to children\u2019s responses to third-person inequalities","volume":"249","author":"Chao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0040","article-title":"AI-Faces by Illinois: A database of AI-generated faces depicting children","author":"Chao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"6336","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4617","article-title":"The fading American dream: Trends in absolute income mobility since 1940","volume":"356","author":"Chetty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju022","article-title":"Where is the land of opportunity? The geography of intergenerational mobility in the United States","volume":"129","author":"Chetty","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0055","series-title":"Handbook of competence and motivation: Theory and application","first-page":"387","article-title":"Early reasoning about competence is not irrationally optimistic, nor does it stem from inadequate cognitive representations","author":"Cimpian","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X13002197","article-title":"The inherence heuristic: An intuitive means of making sense of the world, and a potential precursor to psychological essentialism","volume":"37","author":"Cimpian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30309","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010222117","article-title":"The changing geography of social mobility in the United States","volume":"117","author":"Connor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.27.3.79","article-title":"Income inequality, equality of opportunity, and intergenerational mobility","volume":"27","author":"Corak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02309.x","article-title":"From assets to school outcomes: How finances shape children's perceived possibilities and intentions","volume":"20","author":"Destin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12193","article-title":"Critical consciousness: A developmental approach to addressing marginalization and oppression","volume":"10","author":"Diemer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-011-9867-9","article-title":"The importance of early childhood poverty","volume":"108","author":"Duncan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721420964147","article-title":"A developmental-science perspective on social inequality","volume":"29","author":"Elenbaas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Directions in Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.1.148","article-title":"Sense of relatedness as a factor in children's academic engagement and performance","volume":"95","author":"Furrer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of educational psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12643","article-title":"Who's the boss? Concepts of social power across development","volume":"88","author":"G\u00fclg\u00f6z","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2024.12.008","article-title":"Why the belief in meritocracy is so pervasive","volume":"29","author":"Hadden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0115","series-title":"Social mobility","author":"Heath","year":"2023"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.06.003","article-title":"Talking about success: Implications for achievement motivation","volume":"29","author":"Heyman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1037\/pspa0000033","article-title":"An early-emerging explanatory heuristic promotes support for the status quo","volume":"109","author":"Hussak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2004.00402.x","article-title":"A decade of system justification theory: Accumulated evidence of conscious and unconscious bolstering of the status quo","volume":"25","author":"Jost","year":"2004","journal-title":"Political psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.01.005","article-title":"Americans overestimate social class mobility","volume":"58","author":"Kraus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028756","article-title":"Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor","volume":"119","author":"Kraus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-024-00384-z","article-title":"A unified account of why optimism declines in childhood","volume":"4","author":"Leonard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Psychology"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2310573120","article-title":"Structural explanations for inequality reduce children\u2019s biases and promote rectification only if they implicate the high-status group","volume":"120","author":"Leshin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.6.895","article-title":"The actor\u2013observer asymmetry in attribution: A (surprising) meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Malle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12407","article-title":"Elementary school children's reasoning about social class: A mixed-methods study","volume":"86","author":"Mistry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.91.1.188","article-title":"Possible selves and academic outcomes: How and when possible selves impel action","volume":"91","author":"Oyserman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2019.05.005","article-title":"Verbal framing and statistical patterns influence children\u2019s attributions to situational, but not personal, causes for behavior","volume":"50","author":"Peretz-Lange","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2021.101042","article-title":"Developmental shifts toward structural explanations and interventions for social status disparities","volume":"58","author":"Peretz-Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2022.105027","article-title":"From \u201chaves\u201d to \u201chave nots\u201d: Developmental declines in subjective social status reflect children's growing consideration of what they do not have","volume":"223","author":"Peretz-Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020092","article-title":"Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior","volume":"99","author":"Piff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13526","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1208951109","article-title":"Cultural transmission of social essentialism","volume":"109","author":"Rhodes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2020.1797751","article-title":"Advancing developmental science via unmoderated remote research with children","volume":"21","author":"Rhodes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000134","article-title":"Children\u2019s recognition of fairness and others\u2019 welfare in a resource allocation task: Age related changes","volume":"52","author":"Rizzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001118","article-title":"Children\u2019s evaluations of individually and structurally based inequalities: The role of status","volume":"56","author":"Rizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13393","article-title":"The effect of group status on children's hierarchy\u2010reinforcing beliefs","volume":"26","author":"Rizzo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12012","article-title":"A developmental science approach to reducing prejudice and social exclusion: Intergroup processes, social\u2010cognitive development, and moral reasoning","volume":"9","author":"Rutland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Social Issues and Policy Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001767","article-title":"Reasoning about the merits of meritocracy","volume":"155","author":"Shao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12154","article-title":"Young children's preferences: Gender, race, and social status","volume":"9","author":"Shutts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149360","article-title":"Children use wealth cues to evaluate others","volume":"11","author":"Shutts","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905094116","article-title":"Long-term decline in intergenerational mobility in the United States since the 1850s","volume":"117","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672982411001","article-title":"Automatic activation of stereotypes: The role of self-image threat","volume":"24","author":"Spencer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.69.5.797","article-title":"Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans","volume":"69","author":"Steele","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13527","article-title":"Beliefs about social mobility in young American children","volume":"27","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0265","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. (2023). Income in the past 12 months (in 2023 inflation-adjusted dollars): American Community Survey 5-year estimates, Table S1901. https:\/\/data.census.gov\/table\/ACSST5Y2023.S1901."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000555","article-title":"The development of structural thinking about social categories","volume":"54","author":"Vasilyeva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2022.105624","article-title":"Being from a highly resourced context predicts believing that others are highly resourced: An early developing worldview that stymies resource sharing","volume":"230","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-7409(99)00071-7","article-title":"Opportunities for career success: Views of poor and middle-class children","volume":"22","author":"Weinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/spc3.70098","article-title":"The Role of Social Status in the Development of Racial Bias in Childhood","volume":"19","author":"Williams","year":"2025","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13225","article-title":"Emerging complexity in children's conceptualization of the wealthy and the poor","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Developmental science"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096526002419?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096526002419?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1792059874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022096526002419"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,3]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0022096526002419"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0965","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"How social status shapes U.S. children\u2019s beliefs about social mobility","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106689","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106689"}}