{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:44:18Z","timestamp":1792525458482,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,3,1]],"date-time":"2027-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1803859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,3,1]],"date-time":"2027-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1803859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101148929 \\u2014 INCH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101148929 \\u2014 INCH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P500PS_225245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P500PS_225245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T11:23:16Z","timestamp":1792408996000},"page":"106691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Metacognitive monitoring in Kenyan, Chinese, and U.S. children"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"275","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3107-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian Jonas","family":"Buehler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1693-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Simone","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9300-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4344-9070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanna","family":"Schleihauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5012-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yufei","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6791-0805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5521-102X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henriette","family":"Zeidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Maximilian","family":"Engelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.63.7.602","article-title":"The neglected 95%: Why american psychology needs to become less american","volume":"63","author":"Arnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0010","first-page":"3061","article-title":"Perceptual and memory Metacognition in Children","volume":"43","author":"Baer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Perceptual and Memory Metacognition in Children"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/0920203X13517617","article-title":"Discourses and practices of child-rearing in China: The bio-power of parenting in Beijing","volume":"28","author":"Binah-Pollak","year":"2014","journal-title":"China Information"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12936","article-title":"When parents\u2019 praise inflates, children\u2019s self-esteem deflates","volume":"88","author":"Brummelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-012-9091-2","article-title":"The development of metacognitive skills: Evidence from observational analysis of young children\u2019s behavior during problem-solving","volume":"7","author":"Bryce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metacognition and Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fdpys.2024.1454717","article-title":"Sneaky snake: Assessing metacognitive behavior in 5 to 6 year-olds with an unsolvable task","volume":"2","author":"Buehler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0002071","article-title":"Understanding temporal patterns of metacognitive monitoring and control in 5- to 6-year-olds: A latent class vector-autoregression analysis","volume":"62","author":"Buehler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"95","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0045","article-title":"Language abilities and metacognitive monitoring development: Divergent longitudinal pathways for native and non-native speaking children","author":"Buehler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0050","unstructured":"California Department of Education. (2025, January 10). School Attendance Review Boards. https:\/\/www.cde.ca.gov\/ls\/ai\/sb\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.5.765","article-title":"Strategy acquisition and transfer among American and German children: Environmental influences on metacognitive development","volume":"25","author":"Carr","year":"1989","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-3973(99)00037-4","article-title":"The parenting of immigrant chinese and european american mothers: Relations between parenting styles, socialization goals, and parental practices","volume":"21","author":"Chao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jce.2020.12.004","article-title":"School entry age and educational attainment in developing countries: Evidence from China\u2019s compulsory education law","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Economics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13443","article-title":"Teaching through collaboration: Flexibility and diversity in caregiver\u2013child interaction across cultures","volume":"92","author":"Clegg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013859","article-title":"Linking teachers\u2019 memory-relevant language and the development of children\u2019s memory skills","volume":"44","author":"Coffman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2021.1916500","article-title":"Metacognitive monitoring and control in children\u2019s prospective memory","volume":"22","author":"Cottini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12271","article-title":"Introspection on uncertainty and judicious help-seeking during the preschool years","volume":"18","author":"Coughlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2014.04.001","article-title":"Early metacognitive abilities: The interplay of monitoring and control processes in 5- to 7-year-old children","volume":"126","author":"Destan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dinno, A. (2024). dunn.test: Dunn\u2019s test of multiple comparisons using rank sums (Version 1.3.6) [R package]. CRAN. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dunn.test.","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1964.10490181"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0100","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Metamemory","article-title":"Methodology for investigating human metamemory: problems and pitfalls","author":"Dunlosky","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogdev.2025.101561","article-title":"Metacognitive monitoring in early elementary school-aged children: Task dependency in monitoring judgments, task consistency in monitoring behaviours","volume":"74","author":"Eberhart","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cognitive Development"},{"issue":"443","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0110","first-page":"1","article-title":"How to measure metacognition","volume":"8","author":"Fleming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.14237","article-title":"Is uncertainty in the eyes or in parents\u2019 talk? linking an eye-tracking measure of toddlers\u2019 core metacognition to parental metacognitive talk","volume":"96","author":"Gardier","year":"2025","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2022.105577","article-title":"Relations between parental metacognitive talk and children\u2019s early metacognition and memory","volume":"226","author":"Geurten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13714","article-title":"The development of uncertainty monitoring during kindergarten: Change and longitudinal relations with executive function and vocabulary in children from low-income backgrounds","volume":"93","author":"Gonzales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12100","article-title":"The effect of teachers\u2019 memory-relevant language on children\u2019s strategy use and knowledge","volume":"84","author":"Grammer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12064","article-title":"Parent praise to 1- to 3-year-olds predicts children\u2019s motivational frameworks 5years later","volume":"84","author":"Gunderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2025.102748","article-title":"Unraveling the reciprocal effects and micro-development of metacognitive monitoring strategies and monitoring judgments: A micro-genetic diary study","volume":"122","author":"H\u00e4ndel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Learning and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797614542273","article-title":"Don\u2019t look at my answer: Subjective uncertainty underlies preschoolers\u2019 exclusion of their least accurate memories","volume":"25","author":"Hembacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0999152X","article-title":"The weirdest people in the world?","volume":"33","author":"Henrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.02.007","article-title":"Knowing ourselves together: The cultural origins of metacognition","volume":"24","author":"Heyes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2021.106078","article-title":"What parents bring to preschool children? Parental instructive speech and gestures, children\u2019s learning and cultural differences","volume":"127","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecresq.2009.07.006","article-title":"Parental involvement in children\u2019s schooling: Different meanings in different cultures","volume":"24","author":"Huntsinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early Childhood Research Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00208.x","article-title":"Autonomy and relatedness revisited: Cultural manifestations of universal human needs","volume":"6","author":"Keller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0175","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2019). Kenya Population and Housing Census. https:\/\/www.knbs.or.ke\/reports\/kenya-census-2019\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0180","unstructured":"Kim, S. (2015). ppcor: Partial and semi-partial (part) correlation (Version 1.1) [R package]. CRAN. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=ppcor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0185","article-title":"Memory monitoring and control in japanese and german preschoolers","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022109348921","article-title":"Explaining east-west differences in the likelihood of making favorable self-evaluations: The role of evaluation apprehension and directness of expression","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0195","unstructured":"Kinoti, H. W. (2010). African ethics: G\u0129k\u0169y\u0169 traditional morality. In African ethics. Brill. https:\/\/philpapers.org\/rec\/KINAEG."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2025.05.014","article-title":"Disagreement drives metacognitive development","author":"Langenhoff","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0205","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. (2025). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means (Version 1.10.7) [R package]. CRAN. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2008.10.002","article-title":"Persistent overconfidence despite practice: The role of task experience in preschoolers\u2019 recall predictions","volume":"103","author":"Lipko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01649.x","article-title":"The development of uncertainty monitoring in early childhood","volume":"82","author":"Lyons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-020-09244-6","article-title":"Metacognitive processes and associations to executive function and motivation during a problem-solving task in 3\u20135 year olds","volume":"16","author":"Marulis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metacognition and Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0235","unstructured":"Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics The Language Archive. (2024). ELAN. https:\/\/archive.mpi.nl\/tla\/elan."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60972-0","article-title":"Metacognition as a mediator of the relation between family SES and language and mathematical abilities in preschoolers","volume":"14","author":"Maximino-Pinheiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0230","article-title":"Reducing educational inequalities through metacognition? evidence from a classroom intervention in kindergarten","volume":"21","author":"Maximino-Pinheiro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Metacognition and Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0240","series-title":"Generalized, linear, and mixed models","author":"McCulloch","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijintrel.2013.10.004","article-title":"State of the art themes in cross-cultural communication research: A systematic and meta-analytic review","volume":"38","author":"Merkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Intercultural Relations"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0250","series-title":"The Kikuyu and Kamba of Kenya: East central Africa Part V","author":"Middleton","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60053-5","article-title":"Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings","volume":"26","author":"Nelson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation - Advances in Research and Theory"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.43.5.1239","article-title":"European american and chinese parents\u2019 responses to children\u2019s success and failure: implications for Children\u2019s responses","volume":"43","author":"Ng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12358","article-title":"Delving into the minds of chinese parents: What beliefs motivate their learning-related practices?","volume":"14","author":"Ng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2017.04.017","article-title":"The persistent sampling bias in developmental psychology: A call to action","volume":"162","author":"Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04013-1","article-title":"Cultural influence on metacognition: Comparison across three societies","volume":"11","author":"Ordin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/1160960","article-title":"The changing value of children among the Kikuyu of Central Province, Kenya","volume":"66","author":"Price","year":"1996","journal-title":"Africa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0290","unstructured":"R Core Team. (2025). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software]. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/00131880110081062","article-title":"Travelling on parallel tracks: Chinese parents and English teachers","volume":"43","author":"Ran","year":"2001","journal-title":"Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2017.04.001","article-title":"Executive function and metacognition: Towards a unifying framework of cognitive self-regulation","volume":"45","author":"Roebers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-7687.00044","article-title":"Performance prediction in young children: Effects of skill, metacognition and wishful thinking","volume":"1","author":"Schneider","year":"1998","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11409-008-9031-3","article-title":"A conceptual analysis of five measures of metacognitive monitoring","volume":"4","author":"Schraw","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metacognition and Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adms.2015.04.002","article-title":"On the panculturality of self-enhancement and self-protection motivation: The case for the universality of self-esteem","volume":"2","author":"Sedikides","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advances in Motivation Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0001259","article-title":"Kenyans\u2019 perspectives on parenting roles and strategies used to raise young children in Kenya","volume":"38","author":"Shanley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Family Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0320","article-title":"Prospective and retrospective metacognitive judgments of prospective memory performance across the lifespan","volume":"1\u201322","author":"Stelz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition and Development"},{"issue":"APR","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0325","article-title":"The chinese experience of rapid modernization: Sociocultural changes, psychological consequences?","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000622","article-title":"The neglected 95% revisited: Is american psychology becoming less American?","volume":"76","author":"Thalmayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0335","unstructured":"The Culture Factor. (n.d.). Country comparison tool. Retrieved February 25, 2025, from https:\/\/www.theculturefactor.com\/country-comparison-tool?countries=china%2Ckenya%2Cunited+states."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-013-9256-4","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and parent-child relationships predict metacognitive questions to preschoolers","volume":"43","author":"Thompson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0345","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. (2023). American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. https:\/\/data.census.gov\/profile\/."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0001209","article-title":"Identifying cultural differences in metacognition","volume":"151","author":"van der Plas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/00224540209603912","article-title":"The myth of individualism-collectivism: A critical review","volume":"142","author":"Voronov","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025407084047","article-title":"Independence-supportive praise versus interdependence-promoting praise","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1525\/eth.1996.24.1.02a00010","article-title":"The effect of social change on concepts of the good child and good mothering: A study of families in Kenya","volume":"24","author":"Whiting","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ethos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1037\/arc0000059","article-title":"The emperor with no clothes: A critique of collectivism and individualism archives of scientific psychology","volume":"6","author":"Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Scientific Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/01650250143000436","article-title":"Similarities and differences in mothers\u2019 parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0380","article-title":"Children\u2019s overestimation of performance across age, task, and historical time: A meta-analysis","volume":"1\u201322","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2022.105551","article-title":"Why do young children overestimate their task performance? a cross-cultural experiment","volume":"226","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e207","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13709","article-title":"Young children\u2019s overestimation of performance: A cross-cultural comparison","volume":"93","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"SEP","key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0395","article-title":"Folk beliefs of cultural changes in China","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691_b0400","series-title":"School Systems, Parent Behavior, and Academic Achievement: An international perspective","first-page":"15","article-title":"Education and parenting in China","author":"Zhu","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096526002432?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022096526002432?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T19:22:45Z","timestamp":1792524165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022096526002432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,3]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["S0022096526002432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0965"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0965","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Metacognitive monitoring in Kenyan, Chinese, and U.S. children","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jecp.2026.106691","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106691"}}