{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:15:49Z","timestamp":1792430149379,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jem-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,4,14]],"date-time":"2011-04-14T16:56:10Z","timestamp":1302800170000},"page":"897-905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS): Defining Based on a Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Gary M.","family":"Vilke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"DeBard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore C.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald M.","family":"Dawes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Curtis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa Wysong","family":"Costello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deborah C.","family":"Mash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stewart R.","family":"Coffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Jo","family":"McMullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery C.","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Sztajnkrcer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean O.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Czarnecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Heck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William P.","family":"Bozeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib1","first-page":"97","article-title":"On a form of disease resembling some advanced stages of mania and fever, but so contradistinguished from any ordinary observed or described combination of symptoms as to render it probable that it may be overlooked and hitherto unrecorded malady","volume":"6","author":"Bell","year":"1849","journal-title":"Am J Insanity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib2","series-title":"Excited delirium syndrome cause of death and prevention","author":"Di Maio","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(81)80010-8","article-title":"Cocaine intoxication, delirium and death in a body packer","volume":"10","author":"Fishbain","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198703000-00001","article-title":"Fatal cocaine intoxication","volume":"8","author":"Wetli","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14064J","article-title":"Fatal excited delirium following cocaine use: epidemiologic findings provide new evidence for mechanisms of cocaine toxicity","volume":"42","author":"Ruttenber","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1053\/ajem.2001.22665","article-title":"Factors associated with sudden death of individuals requiring restraint for excited delirium","volume":"19","author":"Stratton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib7","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Factors associated with excited delirium deaths in police custody","volume":"11","author":"Ross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e31818738a0","article-title":"Excited delirium deaths in custody past and present","volume":"30","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11126-009-9091-9","article-title":"Delirious mania and malignant catatonia: a report of 3 cases and review","volume":"80","author":"Detweiler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(96)90021-2","article-title":"Cardiac arrest in cocaine users","volume":"14","author":"Karch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS11020J","article-title":"Cocaine-induced psychosis and sudden death in recreational cocaine users","volume":"30","author":"Wetli","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib12","unstructured":"Sullivan L. Death by excited delirium: diagnosis or coverup? National Public Radio, All Things Considered, February 26, 2007. Available at: http:\/\/www.npr.org\/templates\/story\/story.php?storyId=7608386. Accessed July 1, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib13","series-title":"Mental disorders","first-page":"290","article-title":"The international classification of diseases, 9th revision","author":"Buck","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.024448","article-title":"Substance use in a population-based clinic sample of people with first-episode psychosis","volume":"190","author":"Barnett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib15","series-title":"TASER conducted electrical weapons: physiology, pathology, and law","first-page":"365","article-title":"Biochemical brain markers in excited delirium deaths","author":"Mash","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib16","series-title":"Karch\u2019s pathology of drug abuse","author":"Karch","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2001.01976-24.x","article-title":"Cocaine-excited delirium and severe acidosis","volume":"56","author":"Allam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2008.03.007","article-title":"Fatal hyperthermia associated with excited delirium during an arrest","volume":"10","author":"Bunai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib19","first-page":"900","article-title":"Emerging patterns of cocaine use and the epidemic of cocaine overdose deaths in Dade County, Florida","volume":"115","author":"Escobedo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004170","article-title":"Unexplained sudden death and the likelihood of drug abuse","volume":"50","author":"Gruszecki","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199906000-00003","article-title":"Cocaine-associated rhabdomyolysis and excited delirium: different stages of the same syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Ruttenber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib22","first-page":"95","article-title":"Preliminary findings of an epidemiologic study of cocaine-related deaths, Dade County, Florida, 1978-85","volume":"110","author":"Ruttenber","year":"1991","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000114041.70865.24","article-title":"National Association of Medical Examiners position paper on the certification of cocaine-related deaths","volume":"25","author":"Stephens","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib24","first-page":"68","article-title":"Unexpected arrest-related deaths in America: 12 months of open source surveillance","volume":"10","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(95)70058-7","article-title":"Agitated delirium versus positional asphyxia","volume":"26","author":"Karch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689909200303","article-title":"Drug abusers who die during arrest or in custody","volume":"92","author":"Karch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/002580240104100109","article-title":"Death of a psychiatric patient during physical restraint","volume":"41","author":"Morrison","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib28","first-page":"S198","article-title":"Police use of force, injuries and death: prospective evaluation of outcomes for all police use of force\/restraint including conducted energy weapons in a large Canadian city","volume":"16","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199406000-00002","article-title":"Cocaine-induced agitated delirium, forceful struggle, and minor head injury: a further definition of sudden death during restraint","volume":"15","author":"Mirchandani","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.05.012","article-title":"Brain biomarkers for identifying excited delirium as a cause of sudden death","volume":"190","author":"Mash","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.00820.x","article-title":"Dopamine transport function is elevated in cocaine users","volume":"81","author":"Mash","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00164.x","article-title":"Metabolic acidosis in restraint-associated cardiac arrest: a case series","volume":"6","author":"Hick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib33","series-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib34","unstructured":"Ho J, Dawes D, Ryan F, et\u00a0al. Catecholamines in simulated arrest scenarios. Australasian College of Emergency Medicine Winter Symposium; June 25, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120590891859","article-title":"Ketamine chemical restraint to facilitate rescue of a combative \"jumper\"","volume":"9","author":"Hick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200111000-00031","article-title":"Intramuscular ketamine for the rapid tranquilization of the uncontrollable, violent, and dangerous adult patient","volume":"51","author":"Roberts","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib37","first-page":"15","article-title":"Rapid tranquilization of violently agitated patients","volume":"29","author":"Roberts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Med News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R54","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5910","article-title":"Cooling and hemodynamic management in heatstroke: practical recommendations","volume":"11","author":"Bouchama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073646791100196X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073646791100196X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:26:32Z","timestamp":1760027192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S073646791100196X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S073646791100196X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-4679"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-4679","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Excited Delirium Syndrome (ExDS): Defining Based on a Review of the Literature","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2011.02.017","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}