{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:19:37Z","timestamp":1792516777441,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jem-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,13]],"date-time":"2015-06-13T07:56:39Z","timestamp":1434182199000},"page":"573-587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Blast Injuries"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Zara R.","family":"Mathews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Koyfman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2006.05.005","article-title":"Blast injuries: from triage to critical care","volume":"18","author":"Bridges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000155536.98314.D8","article-title":"The Pope Air Force Base\u00a0aircraft crash and burn disaster","volume":"26","author":"Mozingo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000155527.76205.A2","article-title":"Managing a combined burn trauma disaster in the post-9\/11 world: lessons learned from the 2003 West Pharmaceutical plant explosion","volume":"26","author":"Cairns","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Burn Care Rehabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000197853.49084.3c","article-title":"The United States twenty-year experience with bombing incidents: implications for terrorism preparedness and medical response","volume":"59","author":"Kapur","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib5","first-page":"1468","article-title":"Injuries from explosions: physics, biophysics, pathology, and required research focus","volume":"66","author":"Champion","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60257-9","article-title":"Blast injuries","volume":"374","author":"Wolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1500-9","article-title":"Primary blast injuries\u2014an updated concise review","volume":"36","author":"Yeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200208000-00001","article-title":"Medical management of disasters and mass casualties from terrorist bombings: how can we cope?","volume":"53","author":"Frykberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/145749690509400407","article-title":"Urban bombing: a trauma surgeon\u2019s perspective","volume":"94","author":"Stein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198811000-00005","article-title":"Terrorist bombings. Lessons learned from Belfast to Beirut","volume":"208","author":"Frykberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2011.09.001","article-title":"Blast injury: a case study","volume":"20","author":"Housden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib12","first-page":"101","article-title":"Bomb blast mass casualty incidents: initial triage and management of injuries","volume":"50","author":"Goh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000206418.53137.34","article-title":"Suicide bombing attacks: can external signs predict internal injuries?","volume":"243","author":"Almogy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-147-01-03","article-title":"Blast injuries: biophysics, pathophysiology and management principles","volume":"147","author":"Horrocks","year":"2001","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-147-01-02","article-title":"Blast waves and how they interact with structures","volume":"147","author":"Cullis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.7268","article-title":"Abdominal trauma in primary blast injury","volume":"98","author":"Owers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2008.08.0100","article-title":"Pathology of blast-related brain injury","volume":"46","author":"Kocsis","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(02)00153-6","article-title":"A simple conceptual model of primary pulmonary blast injury","volume":"59","author":"Ho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1067\/mem.2001.114906","article-title":"Explosions and blast injuries","volume":"37","author":"Wightman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib20","series-title":"Terrorism and WMDs: awareness and response","author":"Pichtel","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.12549","article-title":"Radiologic features of injuries from the Boston Marathon bombing at three hospitals","volume":"203","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X12000891","article-title":"Explosions and human health: the long-term effects of blast injury","volume":"27","author":"Finlay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib23","article-title":"Aftermath of Boston marathon bombing: how do terrorists use improvised explosive devices?","author":"Greenemeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib24","first-page":"950","article-title":"Scenario of a dirty bomb in an urban environment and acute management of radiation poisoning and injuries","volume":"48","author":"Chin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(05)70091-8","article-title":"Medical consequences of terrorism: the conventional weapon threat","volume":"79","author":"Stein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2010.536195","article-title":"Visual dysfunction following blast-related traumatic brain injury from the battlefield","volume":"25","author":"Dougherty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0249","article-title":"Characterisation of the response to primary blast injury","volume":"336","author":"Kirkman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.11.018","article-title":"Bomb blast, mild traumatic brain and psychiatric morbidity: a review","volume":"41","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2010","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2013.02.004","article-title":"Israel Trauma Group, Peleg K. The ins and outs of terrorist bus explosions: injury profiles of on-board explosions versus explosions occurring adjacent to a bus","volume":"45","author":"Golan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib30","series-title":"Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support","article-title":"Royal Centre for Defense Medicine","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-10-00300","article-title":"Primary blast injury: an intact tympanic membrane does not indicate the lack of a pulmonary blast","volume":"176","author":"Peters","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e31815b35aa","article-title":"Amputations in US military personnel in the current conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq","volume":"22","author":"Stansbury","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-153-04-12","article-title":"Lessons learnt from explosive attacks","volume":"153","author":"Harrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-7922-1-33","article-title":"Terrorist bombing","volume":"1","author":"Mayo","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5055\/ajdm.2007.0005","article-title":"The quinary pattern of blast injury","volume":"2","author":"Kluger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Disaster Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199612000-00015","article-title":"Blast injuries\u2014bus versus open-air bombings: a comparative study of injuries in survivors of open-air versus confined-space explosions","volume":"41","author":"Leibovici","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib37","first-page":"235","article-title":"Bomb explosions in acts of terrorism\u2014detonation, wound ballistics, triage and medical concerns","volume":"5","author":"Kluger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib38","first-page":"559","article-title":"Blast injury of the ear in a confined space explosion: auditory and vestibular evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.e280","article-title":"Epidemiology of terror-related versus non-terror-related traumatic injury in children","volume":"112","author":"Aharonson-Daniel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000114012.84732.be","article-title":"Gunshot and explosion injuries: characteristics, outcomes, and implications for care of terror-related injuries in Israel","volume":"239","author":"Peleg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2004.09.003","article-title":"Israeli Trauma Group (ITG). The special injury pattern in terrorist bombings","volume":"199","author":"Kluger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra042083","article-title":"Blast injuries","volume":"352","author":"DePalma","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib43","first-page":"210","article-title":"Tympanic membrane perforation after combat blast exposure in Iraq: a poor biomarker of primary blast injury","volume":"67","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/00063110-199612000-00007","article-title":"The management of blast injury","volume":"3","author":"Guzzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J\u00a0Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(99)70225-8","article-title":"Eardrum perforation in explosion survivors: is it a marker of pulmonary blast injury?","volume":"34","author":"Leibovici","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib46","series-title":"Textbooks of military medicine, part I, warfare, weaponry and the casualty","first-page":"235","article-title":"Primary blast injury and basic research","author":"Phillips","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198311000-00001","article-title":"Casualties from terrorist bombings","volume":"23","author":"Cooper","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib48","article-title":"the terrorist bomb explosions in Madrid, Spain\u2014an analysis of the logistics, injuries sustained and clinical management of casualties treated at the closest hospital. Crit Care 2005;9:104\u201311","volume":"11","author":"De Ceballos","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2006.11.014","article-title":"Cerebrovascular resuscitation after polytrauma and fluid resuscitation","volume":"204","author":"Earle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800650802","article-title":"The injuries of terrorist bombing: a study of 1532 consecutive patients","volume":"65","author":"Hadden","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.171.12.1155","article-title":"Management of victims in a mass casualty incident caused by a terrorist bombing: treatment algorithms for stable, unstable, and in extremis victims","volume":"171","author":"Alfici","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-135-02-04","article-title":"Biophysics of impact injury to the chest and abdomen","volume":"135","author":"Cooper","year":"1989","journal-title":"J R Army Med Corps"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.116.6.1683","article-title":"Recovery from blast lung injury: one-year follow-up","volume":"116","author":"Hirshberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/00001503-200404000-00011","article-title":"Management of blast injuries and shock lung","volume":"17","author":"Lavery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.115.1.165","article-title":"Blast lung injury from an explosion on a civilian bus","volume":"115","author":"Pizov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"7 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S311","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31817e2a8c","article-title":"Primary blast injury: update on diagnosis and treatment","volume":"36","author":"Ritenour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yelverton JT, Johnson DL, Hicks W, Doyal R. Blast overpressure studies with animals and man: non-auditory damage risk assessment for simulated weapons fired from enclosures. Final Report, Contract DAMD17-88-C-8141. Ft Detrick, MD: US Army Medical Research and Material Command;\u00a01993.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA280435"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199603000-00029","article-title":"Perforation of the terminal ileum induced by blast injury: delayed diagnosis or delayed perforation","volume":"40","author":"Paran","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/148.7.586","article-title":"Care of blast-injured casualties with gastrointestinal injuries","volume":"148","author":"Harmon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-11-00217","article-title":"Ultrasound triage of ocular blast injury in the military emergency department","volume":"177","author":"Ritchie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1001\/dmp.v4n2.hra10003","article-title":"Blast eye injuries: a review for first responders","volume":"4","author":"Morley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.08.001","article-title":"The role of the maxillofacial surgeon in the initial 48 h following a terrorist attack","volume":"43","author":"Holmes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1054\/ijom.2001.0199","article-title":"Maxillofacial injuries caused by terrorist bomb attack in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"31","author":"Odhiambo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J\u00a0Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-10-00147","article-title":"Blast injury","volume":"176","author":"Plurad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.12.001","article-title":"Mcllvried Gold MS, Okonkwo R, Kerns RD. The hazards of war: blast injury headache","volume":"11","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480807400319","article-title":"Blast injury in a civilian trauma setting is associated with a delay in diagnosis of traumatic brain injury","volume":"74","author":"Bochicchio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib67","first-page":"97","article-title":"An unusual primary blast injury: traumatic brain injury due to primary blast injury","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200104000-00017","article-title":"Ultrastructural and functional characteristics of blast injury induced neurotrauma","volume":"50","author":"Cernak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199710000-00015","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary physiology of primary blast injury","volume":"43","author":"Irwin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000235459.60000.A5","article-title":"Terrorist homicide bombings: a primer for preparation","volume":"27","author":"Crabtree","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Burn Care Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e318258af60","article-title":"Pediatric blast lung injury from a fireworks-related explosion","volume":"28","author":"Ratto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/jrnms-84-79","article-title":"The pathophysiology of primary blast injury and its implications for treatment. Part I: the thorax","volume":"84","author":"Guy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J R Nav Med Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199802000-00028","article-title":"Pressure-induced rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure","volume":"44","author":"Szewczyk","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S198","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199603001-00044","article-title":"Pattern and mechanism of traumatic amputation by explosive blast","volume":"40","author":"Hull","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000129558.38803.c2","article-title":"Treatment of the mangled lower extremity after a terrorist blast injury","volume":"422","author":"Langworthy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000225355.06362.0f","article-title":"Suicide bombers for a new injury profile","volume":"244","author":"Aharonson-Daniel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200207000-00022","article-title":"Blast and fragment injuries of the musculoskeletal system","volume":"84A","author":"Covey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib78","series-title":"Terror and medicine\u2014medical aspects of biological, chemical and radiological terrorism","first-page":"378","article-title":"Limited mass casualties due to conventional weapons. A daily reality of a Level I Trauma Center","author":"Stein","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib79","first-page":"562","article-title":"Acute acoustic trauma, a clinical investigation and prognosis in 433 symptomatic soldiers","volume":"12","author":"Melinck","year":"1976","journal-title":"Isr J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(86)80940-4","article-title":"Primary blast injuries","volume":"15","author":"Phillips","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199807000-00006","article-title":"Permissive hypercapnia ventilation in patients with severe pulmonary blast injury","volume":"45","author":"Sorkine","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2005.08.022","article-title":"Blast lung injury: clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcome","volume":"190","author":"Avidan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.141.8.806","article-title":"Bronchoscopy in the blast injury patient","volume":"141","author":"Eckert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199603001-00022","article-title":"Morphologic characteristics of primary nonperforative intestinal blast injuries in rats their\u00a0evolution to secondary perforations","volume":"40","author":"Tatic","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-5-130","article-title":"Esophageal perforation caused by external air-blast injury","volume":"5","author":"Roan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(97)03652-4","article-title":"The pathology of primary blast overpressure injury","volume":"121","author":"Mayorga","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002173420706","article-title":"Gas embolism","volume":"342","author":"Muth","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2006.11.002","article-title":"Mechanisms of injury by explosive devices","volume":"25","author":"Garner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"issue":"3 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S170","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199603001-00037","article-title":"Management of small fragment wounds: experience from the Afghan border","volume":"40","author":"Bowyer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-200005000-00010","article-title":"Field hospital treatment of blast wounds of the musculoskeletal system during the Yugoslav civil war","volume":"14","author":"Covey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510050090034","article-title":"Hand grenade injuries among civilians","volume":"270","author":"Coupland","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1997.01430260076017","article-title":"Selective nonoperative management of gunshot wounds of the anterior abdomen","volume":"132","author":"Demetriades","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(03)00815-1","article-title":"Nonoperative management of abdominal gunshot wounds","volume":"43","author":"Pryor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050420","article-title":"Gunshot wounds to the buttocks: predicting the need for operation","volume":"40","author":"Velmahos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(97)00098-6","article-title":"A selective approach to the management of gunshot wounds to the back","volume":"174","author":"Velmahos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820423","article-title":"Wound management in burn centres in the United Kingdom","volume":"82","author":"Papini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib97","unstructured":"Public Health England Available at: http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20140714084352\/http:\/\/www.hpa.org.uk\/Topics\/EmergencyResponse\/ExplosionsAndFires\/HealthEffectsOfExplosions\/PostExposureProphylaxisAgainstBloodBorneViruses\/. Accessed October 17, 2013."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib98","unstructured":"Medical Preparedness and Response Sub-Group. Medical treatment of radiological casualties. Department of Homeland Security Working Group on Radiological Dispersement Device (RDD) Preparedness: Department of Homeland Security; 2003. Available at: http:\/\/www.orau.gov\/hsc\/RadMassCasualties\/content\/resources\/Radiologic_Medical_Countermeasures_051403.pdf. Accessed October 17, 2013."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1097\/00004032-200402001-00013","article-title":"Radiation risks and dirty bombs","volume":"86","author":"Ring","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Phys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra000365","article-title":"Major radiation exposure: what to expect and how to respond","volume":"346","author":"Mettler","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.140.4.390","article-title":"Can external signs of trauma guide management?: Lessons learned from suicide bombing attacks in Israel","volume":"140","author":"Almogy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2006.09.013","article-title":"The radiologic management of bomb blast injury","volume":"62","author":"Hare","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198203000-00007","article-title":"The terrorist bomb explosion in Bologna, Italy, 1980: an analysis of the effects and injuries sustained","volume":"22","author":"Brismar","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00335-3","article-title":"Computed tomography in the diagnosis and prognosis of open globe injuries","volume":"107","author":"Joseph","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.10.051","article-title":"Computed tomography in the diagnosis of occult open globe injuries","volume":"114","author":"Arey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2006.03.013","article-title":"Do we really need plain and soft-tissue radiographies to detect radiolucent foreign bodies in the ED?","volume":"24","author":"Turkcuer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736467915002504?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736467915002504?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:34:15Z","timestamp":1760027655000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0736467915002504"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0736467915002504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-4679"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-4679","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Blast Injuries","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.03.013","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}