{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T08:08:22Z","timestamp":1791274102305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jem-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T09:07:59Z","timestamp":1515143279000},"page":"354-363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Treatment in the Emergency Department"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Richards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib1","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime"},{"issue":"SS-11","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6511a1","article-title":"National estimates of marijuana use and related indicators \u2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, United States, 2002\u20132014","volume":"65","author":"Azofeifa","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib3","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050214-013454","article-title":"Marijuana legalization: impact on physicians and public health","volume":"67","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.12655","article-title":"Cyclic vomiting presentations following marijuana liberalization in Colorado","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.036350","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis: cyclical hyperemesis in association with chronic cannabis use","volume":"53","author":"Allen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.06.028","article-title":"Hypophosphatemia in users of cannabis","volume":"69","author":"Cadman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3109\/00048679609076108","article-title":"Psychogenic vomiting complicated by marijuana abuse and spontaneous pneumomediastinum","volume":"30","author":"de Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.12.013","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis acute renal failure: a common sequela of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Habboushe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000595","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a cause of refractory nausea and vomiting in pregnancy","volume":"125","author":"Alaniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.3390\/ph3072163","article-title":"Cannabinoid-induced hyperemesis: a conundrum-from clinical recognition to basic science mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Darmani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104040241","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Galli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Drug Abuse Rev"},{"issue":"suppl 8A","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00849-X","article-title":"Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis","volume":"111","author":"Hornby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2015.1080688","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of commonly used antiemetics","volume":"11","author":"Hendren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000339072","article-title":"The gastrointestinal pharmacology of cannabinoids: focus on motility","volume":"90","author":"Abalo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.01.008","article-title":"Cannabinoid modulation of noradrenergic circuits: implications for psychiatric disorders","volume":"38","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.09.075","article-title":"Neurochemical mechanisms and pharmacologic strategies in managing nausea and vomiting related to cyclic vomiting syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"722","author":"Bashashati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.55","article-title":"The cyclic vomiting syndrome threshold: a framework for understanding pathogenesis and predicting successful treatments","volume":"7","author":"Levinthal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.04.018","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a disorder of the HPA axis and sympathetic nervous system?","volume":"103","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.10.005","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis: a case series of 98 patients","volume":"87","author":"Simonetto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01176.x","article-title":"Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids","volume":"163","author":"Parker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib22","first-page":"49","article-title":"Dronabinol for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting unresponsive to antiemetics","volume":"8","author":"May","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20153","article-title":"The effects of \u0394(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol on the dopamine system","volume":"539","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125312457586","article-title":"Cannabis, a complex plant: different compounds and different effects on individuals","volume":"2","author":"Atakan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1131-7","article-title":"The cannabis hyperemesis syndrome characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, and compulsive bathing associated with chronic marijuana use: a report of eight cases in the United States","volume":"55","author":"Soriano-Co","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.03.059","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report and literature review","volume":"73","author":"Beech","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.148791","article-title":"Emerging role of cannabinoids in gastrointestinal and liver diseases: basic and clinical aspects","volume":"57","author":"Izzo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.01.004","article-title":"Changes in cannabis potency over the last 2 decades (1995-2014): analysis of current data in the United States","volume":"79","author":"ElSohly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1931","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2006.00867.x","article-title":"Clinical, psychiatric and manometric profile of cyclic vomiting syndrome in adults and response to tricyclic therapy","volume":"19","author":"Namin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12843","article-title":"Endocannabinoid-related lipids are increased during an episode of cyclic vomiting syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4065\/84.1.76","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis relieved by compulsive bathing","volume":"84","author":"Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2012.01.003","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case series and review of previous reports","volume":"53","author":"Nicolson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000157","article-title":"Haloperidol, a novel treatment for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Witsil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib35","first-page":"324","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: descriptive overview of an under-recognized diagnosis","volume":"17","author":"Braver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Isr Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.776","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome. A report of six new cases and a summary of previous reports","volume":"28","author":"Contreras Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib37","first-page":"1468","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis with the unusual symptom of compulsive bathing","volume":"149","author":"Boeckxstaens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1157\/13091459","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis","volume":"29","author":"Alfonso Moreno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2008.01.017","article-title":"Cyclic vomiting and compulsive bathing with chronic cannabis abuse","volume":"6","author":"Chepyala","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2009.02047.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis","volume":"39","author":"Sannarangappa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1264","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: clinical diagnosis of an under recognized manifestation of chronic cannabis abuse","volume":"15","author":"Sontineni","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib42","first-page":"166","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome as the underlying cause of intractable nausea and vomiting","volume":"111","author":"Price","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Osteopath Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1246107","article-title":"Hyperemesis and a high water bill","volume":"49","author":"Fleig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1266067","article-title":"Cannabinoid-induced hyperemesis","volume":"38","author":"Lieb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatr Prax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-010-1811-8","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: an underreported entity causing nausea and vomiting of pregnancy","volume":"284","author":"Schmid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1273372","article-title":"Cannabis hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"80","author":"Bonnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib47","first-page":"48","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a result of chronic, heavy cannabis use","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-205287","article-title":"Nabilone therapy for cannabis withdrawal presenting as protracted nausea and vomiting","volume":"2014","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib49","first-page":"257","article-title":"Vomiting, abdominal pain, compulsive bathing\u2014Dx?","volume":"63","author":"Swanson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Fam Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib50","first-page":"430","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome during pregnancy: a case report","volume":"60","author":"Andrews","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-210246","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a guide for the practising clinician","volume":"2015","author":"Bajgoric","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2015.07.019","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome in a 17-year-old adolescent","volume":"57","author":"Desjardins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028016660719","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a paradoxical case","volume":"50","author":"Hinton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib54","first-page":"3614053","article-title":"Successful treatment of suspected cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome using haloperidol in the outpatient setting","volume":"2016","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e601","DOI":"10.1097\/MJT.0000000000000034","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: an emerging drug-induced disease","volume":"23","author":"Woods","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001723","article-title":"Haloperidol versus ondansetron for treatment of established nausea and vomiting following general anesthesia: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"124","author":"Yazbeck-Karam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib57","first-page":"CD009377","article-title":"Haloperidol for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)","volume":"11","author":"Powney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2013.02.021","article-title":"Haloperidol for treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Hickey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib59","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome associated with compulsive showering and acute kidney injury","volume":"18","author":"Srihari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2661-9","article-title":"Interactions between dopamine transporter and cannabinoid receptor ligands in rhesus monkeys","volume":"222","author":"Schulze","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.112.198374","article-title":"Analysis of tolerance and behavorial\/physical dependance during chronic CB1 agonist treatment: effects of CB1 agonists, antagonists and noncannabinoid drugs","volume":"344","author":"Desai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1042-2","article-title":"Effects of haloperidol on the behavioral, subjective, cognitive, motor, and neuroendocrine effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in humans","volume":"198","author":"D\u2019Souza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115612237","article-title":"Antipsychotic efficacy in psychosis with co-morbid cannabis misuse: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(03)00044-1","article-title":"Droperidol in the emergency department: is it safe?","volume":"24","author":"Richards","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31827dde8d","article-title":"Does low-dose droperidol increase the risk of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or death in the surgical patient?","volume":"118","author":"Nuttall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2010.07.005","article-title":"Droperidol analgesia for opioid-tolerant patients","volume":"41","author":"Richards","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13242","article-title":"Efficacy of olanzapine for the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0460-x","article-title":"Presentations to the emergency department following cannabis use\u2014a multi-centre case series from ten European countries","volume":"11","author":"Dines","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000735","article-title":"Propranolol treatment of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report","volume":"37","author":"Richards","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328355638f","article-title":"The management of cyclic vomiting syndrome: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328354fc83","article-title":"Cyclic vomiting syndrome in 28 patients: demographics, features and outcomes","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib72","first-page":"284","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis","volume":"24","author":"Sullivan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr.01.2010.2605","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis","volume":"2010","author":"Wild","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.7748\/en.23.8.22.s25","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating cannabinoid hyperemesis","volume":"23","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg Nurse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.08.051","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid hyperemesis resulting in rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure","volume":"34","author":"Argamany","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757696","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/757696","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: case report of a paradoxical reaction with heavy marijuana use","volume":"2012","author":"Cox","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.11.034","article-title":"A case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome caused by synthetic cannabinoids","volume":"45","author":"Hopkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib78","first-page":"158","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis\u2014is it more common than we think?","volume":"109","author":"Achanta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ark Med Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S49701","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome with extreme hydrophilia","volume":"6","author":"Enuh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2013.1179","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report and review of pathophysiology","volume":"12","author":"Iacopetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib81","first-page":"115","article-title":"Mid-ventricular variant Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a case report","volume":"73","author":"Nogi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hawaii J Med Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib82","first-page":"167098","article-title":"A gut gone to pot: a case of cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome due to K2, a synthetic cannabinoid","volume":"2014","author":"Ukaigwe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181ac6489","article-title":"Efficacy of tricyclic antidepressant therapy in adults with cyclic vomiting syndrome: a two-year follow-up study","volume":"44","author":"Hejazi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-016-0107-x","article-title":"Central aspects of nausea and vomiting in GI disorders","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.02.035","article-title":"Neurochemical basis of cannabis addiction","volume":"181","author":"Maldonado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02470.2000","article-title":"Mechanisms of cannabinoid inhibition of GABA(A) synaptic transmission in the hippocampus","volume":"20","author":"Hoffman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.01.026","article-title":"CB1 cannabinoid receptors are enriched in the perisynaptic annulus and on preterminal segments of hippocampal GABAergic axons","volume":"136","author":"Nyiri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.02.007","article-title":"Prolonged cannabinoid exposure alters GABA(A) receptor mediated synaptic function in cultured hippocampal neurons","volume":"229","author":"Deshpande","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2015.1052869","article-title":"Catatonia and cannabis withdrawal: a case report","volume":"37","author":"Caudron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2014.00181","article-title":"A clinical review of the treatment of catatonia","volume":"5","author":"Sienaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2014.11.012","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: about 6 cases","volume":"36","author":"Bertolino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922815594233","article-title":"Recurrent cyclic vomiting in adolescents: can it be cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome?","volume":"55","author":"Sawni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1360065","article-title":"No opiates against cannabis hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"139","author":"Bonnet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib94","first-page":"405238","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: a paradoxical cannabis effect","volume":"2015","author":"Figueroa-Rivera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastrointest Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000118","article-title":"An overlooked victim of cannabis: losing several years of well-being and inches of jejunum on the way to unravel her hyperemesis enigma","volume":"39","author":"Bonnet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-016-0353-7","article-title":"Understand spiciness: mechanism of TRPV1 channel activation by capsaicin","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2009.12.005","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the gut: new developments and emerging concepts","volume":"126","author":"Izzo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1349910","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: potential mechanisms for the benefit of capsaicin and hot water hydrotherapy in treatment","volume":"56","author":"Richards","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib99","first-page":"707","article-title":"Case series of patients treated for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome with capsaicin cream (abstract)","volume":"52","author":"Lapoint","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib100","first-page":"787","article-title":"Topical capsaicin cream used as a therapy for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (abstract)","volume":"52","author":"Biary","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2016.09.003","article-title":"Topical capsaicin cream in the treatment for cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2017.1324166","article-title":"Resolution of cannabis hyperemesis syndrome with topical capsaicin in the emergency department: a case series","volume":"55","author":"Dezieck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12822","article-title":"Efficacy of the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist aprepitant in children with cyclical vomiting syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Cristofori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0753-x","article-title":"Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of opioid receptors and their ligands in the gastrointestinal tract: current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Sobczak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2009.00583.x","article-title":"Nausea and vomiting side effects with opioid analgesics during treatment of chronic pain: mechanisms, implications, and management options","volume":"10","author":"Porreca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2012.03.004","article-title":"Cannabinoid and hyperemesis","volume":"87","author":"Torka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2012.11.013","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Fabries","year":"2013","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.884001","article-title":"Compulsive showering and marijuana use - the cannabis hyperemisis syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1151\/ASCP07414","article-title":"Marijuana dependence and its treatment","volume":"4","author":"Budney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Sci Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01772_11.x","article-title":"Cannabinoid hyperemesis","volume":"103","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736467917311769?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736467917311769?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:39:51Z","timestamp":1760027991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0736467917311769"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0736467917311769"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-4679"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0736-4679","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Treatment in the Emergency Department","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2017.12.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}