{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:41:13Z","timestamp":1760647273231,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jem-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T08:06:28Z","timestamp":1589357188000},"page":"33-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Opium-Related Lead Toxicity: An Integrative Review and Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Ali Tafazoli","family":"Moghadam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7655-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Bahreini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babak Choobi","family":"Anzali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-017-3583-z","article-title":"Did King Herod suffer from a rheumatic disease?","volume":"36","author":"Leatherwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198703193161217","article-title":"Lead-contaminated heroin as a source of inorganic-lead intoxication","volume":"316","author":"Parras","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02333882","article-title":"Lead poisoning during heroin addiction","volume":"10","author":"Antonini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ital J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.17.196287","article-title":"Lead poisoning outbreak among opium users in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2016-2017","volume":"96","author":"Ghane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_22_17","article-title":"Lead poisoning in opium abuser in Iran: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Soltaninejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib6","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Lead poisoning among opium users in Iran: a possible new emerging epidemic in the region","volume":"46","author":"Radfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/2008-2231-20-70","article-title":"Perspective on lead toxicity, a comparison between the United States and Iran","volume":"20","author":"Pourmand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9123","article-title":"Blood lead levels and death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: results from the NHANES III mortality study","volume":"114","author":"Schober","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000312","article-title":"High mortality among patients with opioid use disorder in a large healthcare system","volume":"11","author":"Hser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12855","article-title":"Clinical aspects of opium adulterated with lead in Iran: a review","volume":"122","author":"Alinejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"article-title":"Committee on Pain Management and Regulatory Strategies to Address Prescription Opioid Abuse","year":"2017","series-title":"Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic: Balancing Societal and Individual Benefits and Risks of Prescription Opioid Use","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib11"},{"author":"Quinn","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib12"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib13","first-page":"81","article-title":"Lead poisoning in the world and Iran","volume":"1","author":"Azizi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.21767\/2473-6457.100019","article-title":"Investigating the source of contamination opioid into lead in forensic medicine","volume":"2","author":"Salimi Asl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Heavy Met Toxicity Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.1982.tb08416.x","article-title":"Lead poisoning in a drug addict; the intravenous injection of suppository extracts [Abstract]","volume":"36","author":"Fitzsimons","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659609013813","article-title":"Blood lead of intravenous drug users","volume":"34","author":"Norton","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1987.00370040079014","article-title":"Acute-subacute lead poisoning: clinical findings and comparative study of diagnostic tests","volume":"147","author":"Carton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Int Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/003693307902400414","article-title":"Acute lead poisoning: an unusual cause of hepatitis","volume":"24","author":"Beattie","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scott Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400040108032","article-title":"Acute lead poisoning in two users of illicit methamphetamine","volume":"258","author":"Allcott","year":"1987","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.52.1.127","article-title":"Acute encephalopathy in adult as delayed presentation of occupational lead intoxication","volume":"52","author":"Guijarro","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib21","first-page":"140","article-title":"[An unusual mechanism of lead poisoning. Presentation of a case: Abstract]","volume":"80","author":"D'Alessandro Gandolfo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Recent Prog Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib22","first-page":"483","article-title":"[Lead poisoning due to drug addiction: a new source of poisoning with clinical interest and important epidemiological consequences]","volume":"6","author":"Algora","year":"1989","journal-title":"An Med Interna"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-200206000-00013","article-title":"Acute pediatric lead poisoning: combined whole bowel irrigation, succimer therapy, and endoscopic removal of ingested lead pellets","volume":"18","author":"Clifton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib24","first-page":"1411","article-title":"Quadriplegia due to lead-contaminated opium\u2014case report","volume":"19","author":"Beigmohammadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Middle East J Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib25","first-page":"139","article-title":"Acute lead poisoning in an opium user: a case report","volume":"1","author":"Fatemi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib26","first-page":"244","article-title":"Lead toxicity resulting from chronic ingestion of opium","volume":"10","author":"Jalili","year":"2009","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib27","first-page":"225","article-title":"Hepatic morphopathologic findings of lead poisoning in a drug addict: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Verheij","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Gastrointestin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3109\/01480540903127340","article-title":"Short communication: case report on adulterated opium-induced severe lead toxicity","volume":"33","author":"Afshari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib29","first-page":"8","article-title":"Lead poisoning, report of an interesting case 2011","volume":"14","author":"Salman-Roghani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.08.010","article-title":"Abdominopelvic CT in a patient with seizure, anemia, and hypocalcemia","volume":"152","author":"Zamani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-013-0341-8","article-title":"Role of chelation in the treatment of lead poisoning: discussion of the Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children Trial (TLC)","volume":"9","author":"McKay","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)80618-3","article-title":"Controlled study of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid for the management of childhood lead intoxication","volume":"120","author":"Graziano","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib33","first-page":"123","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress in combination therapy with D-penicillamine and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in lead poisoning in opium addicts","volume":"6","author":"Shojaeepour","year":"2018","journal-title":"APJMT"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1560-8115-20-2","article-title":"A systematic review on status of lead pollution and toxicity in Iran; guidance for preventive measures","volume":"20","author":"Karrari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-017-0127-0","article-title":"Lead poisoning among opium users in Iran: an emerging health hazard","volume":"12","author":"Hayatbakhsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib36","first-page":"90","article-title":"Anemia, iron deficiency anemia and lead poisoning in children with opioid toxicity: a study in North East of Iran","volume":"7","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpem.2017.07.010","article-title":"An update on childhood lead poisoning","volume":"18","author":"Hauptman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.5958\/0973-9130.2019.00064.1","article-title":"Comparison of blood lead levels between oral and inhalation opium addicts and its relationship with hematological parameters","volume":"13","author":"Shafikhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib39","first-page":"897","article-title":"Review of cases of lead poisoning from opium abuse in Iran","volume":"3","author":"Gholamreza Karimi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib40","first-page":"16","article-title":"Lead toxicity: a probable cause of abdominal pain in drug abusers","volume":"25","author":"Froutan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib41","first-page":"757","article-title":"Lead poisoning due to adulterated marijuana in leipzig","volume":"105","author":"Busse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0707784","article-title":"Lead poisoning due to adulterated marijuana","volume":"358","author":"Busse","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.60.2.140","article-title":"Gasoline sniffing and tetraethyl lead poisoning in children","volume":"60","author":"Boeckx","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib44","first-page":"553","article-title":"Presence of lead in opium","volume":"11","author":"Aghaee-Afshar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm665152a4","article-title":"Notes from the field: lead contamination of opium\u2014Iran, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Zamani","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/14659891.2010.545860","article-title":"Opium addiction and lead poisoning","volume":"16","author":"Soltaninejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Subst Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib47","first-page":"698","article-title":"Abuse of lead-contaminated opium in addicts","volume":"53","author":"Zamani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5849.354-a","article-title":"Lead poisoning from contaminated opium","volume":"1","author":"Chia","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"year":"1994","series-title":"Lead compounds","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib49"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1784","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/33.8.1784","article-title":"Effect of food intake and fasting on gastrointestinal lead absorption in humans","volume":"33","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib51","first-page":"395","article-title":"Oral opium: an unusual cause of lead poisoning","volume":"53","author":"Meybodi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5958\/0973-9130.2017.00057.3","article-title":"Lead toxicity among oral opium addicts with abdominal pain: a case series of 17 cases","volume":"11","author":"Farzaneh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000098100","article-title":"Burton\u2019s line in lead poisoning","volume":"57","author":"Pearce","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib54","first-page":"488","article-title":"A comparison of blood-lead level (BLL) in opium-dependant addicts with healthy control group using the graphite furnace\/atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS) followed by chemometric analysis","volume":"14","author":"Amiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib55","first-page":"555","article-title":"Comparison of serum lead level in oral opium addicts with healthy control group","volume":"12","author":"Salehi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327115607947","article-title":"Comparison of serum and urine lead levels in opium addicts with healthy control group","volume":"35","author":"Khatibi-Moghadam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib57","first-page":"106","article-title":"Lead serum levels in opium-dependent individuals","volume":"1","author":"Abbasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib58","first-page":"106","article-title":"Lead serum levels in opium-dependent individuals","volume":"1","author":"Hayatbakhsh Abbasi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"issue":"1 Pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib59","first-page":"155","article-title":"Treatment guidelines for lead exposure in children. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs","volume":"96","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"author":"Lowry","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib60"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib61","first-page":"72","article-title":"Abdominal pain due to lead-contaminated opium: a new source of inorganic lead poisoning in Iran","volume":"9","author":"Masoodi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(88)90143-0","article-title":"The detection and estimation of (A) arsenic in opium, and (B) strychnine in opium and heroin, as a means of identification of their respective sources","volume":"36","author":"Wijesekera","year":"1988","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-6-199603150-00024","article-title":"Thallium-contaminated heroin","volume":"124","author":"Questel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"174","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib64","first-page":"275","article-title":"Acute lead poisoning: five cases resulting from self-injection of lead and opium","volume":"44","author":"Beattie","year":"1975","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-6757(92)90189-5","article-title":"Whole bowel irrigation in an acute oral lead intoxication","volume":"10","author":"Roberge","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"author":"Kathuria","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib66"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9784","article-title":"Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure","volume":"115","author":"Kosnett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib69","first-page":"70","article-title":"Lead toxicity","volume":"32","author":"Bello-Quintero","year":"2007","journal-title":"US Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp060175","article-title":"Lead toxicity and chelation therapy","volume":"64","author":"Gracia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1097\/PHH.0000000000000868","article-title":"CDC's lead poisoning prevention program: a long-standing responsibility and commitment to protect children from lead exposure","volume":"25","author":"Ettinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Public Health Manag Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40557-015-0085-9","article-title":"Evaluation and management of lead exposure","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2100-0","article-title":"Metal chelators and neurotoxicity: lead, mercury, and arsenic","volume":"91","author":"Bjorklund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219840","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/219840","article-title":"Chelation: harnessing and enhancing heavy metal detoxification\u2014a review","volume":"2013","author":"Sears","year":"2013","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.23.040183.001205","article-title":"DMSA and DMPS\u2014water soluble antidotes for heavy metal poisoning","volume":"23","author":"Aposhian","year":"1983","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph7072745","article-title":"Chelation in metal intoxication","volume":"7","author":"Flora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650903174828","article-title":"Dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer; DMSA) in inorganic lead poisoning","volume":"47","author":"Bradberry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701261488","article-title":"Pediatric fatality secondary to EDTA chelation","volume":"46","author":"Baxter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.19","article-title":"Effect of chelation therapy on the neuropsychological and behavioral development of lead-exposed children after school entry","volume":"114","author":"Dietrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(00)00413-5","article-title":"Can antioxidants be beneficial in the treatment of lead poisoning?","volume":"29","author":"Gurer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v56","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg1049","article-title":"Current applications of plasmapheresis in clinical toxicology","volume":"18","author":"Nenov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib82","first-page":"607","article-title":"Constipation causing lead poisoning?","volume":"29","author":"Hodge","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12162","article-title":"Is lead chelation therapy effective for chronic kidney disease? A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrology (Cartlton)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib84","first-page":"114","article-title":"Clinical applications of N-acetylcysteine","volume":"3","author":"Kelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Altern Med Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.122353","article-title":"Correlation between blood lead concentration and iron deficiency in Iranian children","volume":"54","author":"Keramati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2006.12.007","article-title":"Dietary calcium supplementation to lower blood lead levels in pregnancy and lactation","volume":"18","author":"Ettinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/108.5.843","article-title":"Stimulation of lead absorption by vitamin D administration","volume":"108","author":"Smith","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009415","article-title":"Relation of nutrition to bone lead and blood lead levels in middle-aged to elderly men. The Normative Aging Study","volume":"147","author":"Cheng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s002440010265","article-title":"Antioxidant effect of taurine against lead-induced oxidative stress","volume":"41","author":"Gurer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Environ Contam Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib90","first-page":"939","article-title":"Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: a cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran","volume":"19","author":"Domeneh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib91","first-page":"e69","article-title":"Blood lead levels in asymptomatic opium addict patients; a case control study","volume":"5","author":"Ghaemi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emergency"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1367\/1539-4409(2003)003<0037:SLPIP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Severe lead poisoning in pregnancy","volume":"3","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ambul Pediatr"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12915","article-title":"Cardiac effects of opioid therapy","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020_bib94","first-page":"588","article-title":"Descriptive aspects of injection drug users in iran's national harm reduction program by methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"42","author":"Eskandarieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736467920303516?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0736467920303516?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:45:48Z","timestamp":1760028348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0736467920303516"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0736467920303516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-4679"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0736-4679"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Opium-Related Lead Toxicity: An Integrative Review and Case Series","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2020.04.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}