{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T23:41:49Z","timestamp":1760226109277,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jem-journal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T20:49:58Z","timestamp":1755809398000},"page":"324-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A National Analysis on Statewide Prehospital Adult Behavioral Sedation Protocols with a Focus on Trends in Ketamine Administration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6695-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Mearkle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0001","unstructured":"(NEMSIS) NEMSIS. 2022 national EMS data report. 2022. Accessed February 5, 2025. https:\/\/nemsis.org\/using-ems-data\/articles-and-publications\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X18000870","article-title":"International survey of violence against EMS personnel: physical violence report","volume":"33","author":"Maguire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22797","article-title":"Violence against emergency medical services personnel: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"61","author":"Maguire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0004","article-title":"Emergency medical services professional behaviors with violent encounters: a prospective study using standardized simulated scenarios","volume":"3","author":"Garner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.05.007","article-title":"Preventing EMS workplace violence: a mixed-methods analysis of insights from assaulted medics","volume":"49","author":"Maguire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0006","unstructured":"(ACEP) ACoEP. ACEP Task Force report on hyperactive delirium with severe agitation in emergency settings. 2021. Accessed February 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.acep.org\/siteassets\/new-pdfs\/education\/acep-task-force-report-on-hyperactive-delirium-final.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X21000236","article-title":"Patient outcomes following ketamine administration for acute agitation with a decreased dosing protocol in the prehospital setting","volume":"36","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2018.04.027","article-title":"Intramuscular midazolam, olanzapine, ziprasidone, or haloperidol for treating acute agitation in the emergency department","volume":"72","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2024.09.003","article-title":"A comparison of ketamine to midazolam for the management of acute behavioral disturbance in the out-of-hospital setting","volume":"85","author":"Muldowney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0010","unstructured":"NA, (NASEMSO) SEO. National model EMS clinical guidelines. 2022. Accessed February 5, 2025. https:\/\/nasemso.org\/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=157064&module_id=701974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor D.M., Yap C.Y.L., Knott J.C., et al. Midazolam-droperidol, droperidol, or olanzapine for acute agitation: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2017; 69(3):318\u201326.e1. doi:10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.07.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2016.07.033"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.013","article-title":"Efficacy of ketamine for initial control of acute agitation in the emergency department: a randomized study","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2017.10.022","article-title":"A prospective study of ketamine as primary therapy for prehospital profound agitation","volume":"36","author":"Cole","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2018.1501445","article-title":"Outcomes of prehospital chemical sedation with ketamine versus haloperidol and benzodiazepine or physical restraint only","volume":"23","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2021.05.023","article-title":"Rapid agitation control with ketamine in the emergency department: a blinded, randomized controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Barbic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.11.011","article-title":"Rapid tranquilization of the agitated patient in the emergency department: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"deSouza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.02.019","article-title":"Ketamine use for acute agitation in the emergency department","volume":"48","author":"Hopper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.02.042","article-title":"Prospective study of haloperidol plus lorazepam versus droperidol plus midazolam for the treatment of acute agitation in the emergency department","volume":"55","author":"Thiemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2019.11.007","article-title":"Ketamine for emergency sedation of agitated patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2016.09.037","article-title":"The variability of statewide prehospital drug-facilitated intubation protocols in the United States","volume":"34","author":"Riyapan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X2400013X","article-title":"Emergency medical services protocols for assessment and treatment of patients with ventricular assist devices","volume":"39","author":"Larson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2014.964891","article-title":"Characteristics of statewide protocols for emergency medical services in the United States","volume":"19","author":"Kupas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2022.08.005","article-title":"Prehospital care for traumatic cardiac arrest in the US: a cross-sectional analysis and call for a national guideline","volume":"179","author":"Ordoobadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3109\/10903127.2015.1128031","article-title":"Variability in the treatment of prehospital hypoglycemia: a structured review of EMS protocols in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Rostykus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15329","article-title":"Elder abuse identification in the prehospital setting: an examination of state emergency medical Services protocols","volume":"66","author":"Namboodri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2022.05.015","article-title":"Prehospital care for asthma and COPD exacerbations: a review of U.S. state emergency medical services protocols","volume":"59","author":"Peters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1331","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002029","article-title":"Variation in prehospital protocols for pediatric seizure within the United States","volume":"37","author":"Ramgopal SM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1355","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000002620","article-title":"Variation in prehospital protocols for pediatric respiratory distress management in the United States","volume":"38","author":"McCans KV","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2017.1315202","article-title":"Prehospital fluid administration in trauma patients: a survey of state protocols","volume":"21","author":"Dadoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120290938751","article-title":"National prevalence of palliative care protocols in emergency medical services","volume":"6","author":"Ausband","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3227","article-title":"Statewide emergency medical services protocols for suspected stroke and large vessel occlusion","volume":"78","author":"Chuck","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0032","article-title":"Prehospital management of pediatric behavioral health emergencies: a scoping review","volume":"15","author":"Zorovich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0033","unstructured":"Mannix A. At urging of Minneapolis police, Hennepin EMS workers subdued dozens with a powerful sedative. The Minnesota Star Tribune. 2018. Accessed February 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.startribune.com\/at-urging-of-minneapolis-police-hennepin-ems-workers-subdued-dozens-with-a-powerful-sedative\/485607381"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0034","unstructured":"Slevin CB, M.; Peipert, T. Paramedic who injected Elijah McClain with fatal ketamine overdose avoids prison. PBS News. 2024. Accessed February 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/nation\/paramedic-who-injected-elijah-mcclain-with-fatal-ketamine-overdose-avoids-prison"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EEM.0000737428.11244.3f","article-title":"News: NAEMSP: EMS should not administer sedation at police request","volume":"43","author":"SoRelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Med News"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/0735648X.2021.2024082","article-title":"De-policing as a result of public scrutiny: examining officers\u2019 perceptions of negative media attention and willingness to engage in self-initiated activity","volume":"45","author":"Gau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2407162","article-title":"Handcuffs and unexpected deaths\u2014\u201cI can\u2019t breathe\u201d as a medical emergency. Perspective","volume":"391","author":"Bivens MJ","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0038","article-title":"Police release body camera footage of IN man who died following chemical restraint","author":"Agency","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Emerg Med Serv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0039","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau, Geography Division. Census Regions and Divisions of the United States (PDF). 2025. Accessed Feburary 5, 2025. https:\/\/www2.census.gov\/geo\/pdfs\/maps-data\/maps\/reference\/us_regdiv.pdf."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.22.2983","article-title":"Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)","volume":"289","author":"Ely","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2107138","article-title":"The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients","volume":"166","author":"Sessler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0042","series-title":"Goldfrank\u2019s toxicologic emergencies","first-page":"10e","article-title":"Antidotes in depth","author":"Howland MAH","year":"2015"},{"year":"2025","series-title":"Haldol [package insert]","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0043"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2020.08.008","article-title":"Intravenous haloperidol: a systematic review of side effects and recommendations for clinical use","volume":"67","author":"Beach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2014.9.23229","article-title":"Prehospital use of i.m. ketamine for sedation of violent and agitated patients","volume":"15","author":"Scheppke","year":"2014","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X16000662","article-title":"Prehospital ketamine is a safe and effective treatment for excited delirium in a community hospital based EMS system","volume":"31","author":"Scaggs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prehosp Disaster Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2022.2163326","article-title":"Prehospital use of ketamine versus benzodiazepines for sedation among pediatric patients with behavioral emergencies","volume":"27","author":"Sandoval","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650.2016.1177652","article-title":"A prospective study of ketamine versus haloperidol for severe prehospital agitation","volume":"54","author":"Cole","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol (Phila)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2019.1619001","article-title":"Critical medication shortages: effective strategies to maintain continuous medication availability for emergency medical services","volume":"24","author":"Whitfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Emergency Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073646792500318X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073646792500318X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T23:22:17Z","timestamp":1760224937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S073646792500318X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S073646792500318X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0736-4679"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0736-4679"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A National Analysis on Statewide Prehospital Adult Behavioral Sedation Protocols with a Focus on Trends in Ketamine Administration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"The Journal of Emergency Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2025.08.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}