{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:07:35Z","timestamp":1774354055196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T07:34:40Z","timestamp":1616484880000},"page":"112369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Dynamics of turbidity in gypsum-precipitating brines: The case of the Red Sea \u2013 Dead Sea project"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"288","author":[{"given":"Amit G.","family":"Reiss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5507-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiwchar","family":"Ganor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matanya","family":"Hamawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5259-2667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ittai","family":"Gavrieli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.5b01091","article-title":"New findings about nucleation and crystal growth of reverse osmosis desalination scales with and without inhibitor","author":"Abdel-Aal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib2","first-page":"1302","article-title":"Depoliticizing water conflict: functional peacebuilding in the Red Sea\u2013Dead Sea water conveyance project","volume":"61","author":"Aggestam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2004.06.097","article-title":"Kinetics and morphology of formed gypsum","volume":"166","author":"Alimi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/154402a0","article-title":"Occasional whiteness of the Dead Sea","author":"Bloch","year":"1944","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1002\/crat.200290001","article-title":"Effect of phosphonate additive on crystallization of gypsum in phosphoric and sulfuric acid medium","volume":"37","author":"El-Shall","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cryst. Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib6","first-page":"3","volume":"10","author":"Gavrieli","year":"2005","journal-title":"The expected impact of the \u201cpeace conduit\u201d project (The Red Sea - Dead Sea Pipeline) on the Dead Sea"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib7","article-title":"Red Sea to Dead Sea water conveyance (RSDSC) study: Dead Sea research team: geological Survey of Israel and tahal group","author":"Gavrieli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Isr. Geol. Surv. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.5194\/os-7-705-2011","article-title":"Annual cycles of chlorophyll-a, non-algal suspended particulate matter, and turbidity observed from space and in-situ in coastal waters","volume":"7","author":"Gohin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(84)90098-X","article-title":"The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters: the Na-K-Mg-Ca-H-Cl-SO4-OH-HCO3-CO3-CO2-H2O system to high ionic strengths at 25\u00b0C","volume":"48","author":"Harvie","year":"1984","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(80)90287-2","article-title":"The prediction of mineral solubilities in natural waters: the NaKMgCaClSO4H2O system from zero to high concentration at 25\u00b0 C","volume":"44","author":"Harvie","year":"1980","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib11","article-title":"The nucleation kinetics of calcium sulfate dihydrate in NaCl solutions up to 6 m and 90\u00b0C","author":"He","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(98)00100-8","article-title":"Coprecipitation of trace and minor elements in modern authigenic halites from the hypersaline Dead Sea brine","volume":"62","author":"Herut","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib13","series-title":"Turbidity of the Dead Sea Water: Observations from Remote Sensing, Field Measurments and Laboratory Experiments","author":"Hochman","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2015.06.003","article-title":"The impact of economic, social and environmental factors on trip satisfaction and the likelihood of visitors returning","volume":"52","author":"Jarvis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tourism Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.04.020","article-title":"Incipient membrane scaling by calcium sulfate during desalination in narrow spacer-filled channels","volume":"345","author":"Karabelas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1981.26.4.0709","article-title":"Solubilities of gypsum and halite in the Dead Sea and in its mixtures with seawater","volume":"26","author":"Katz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(83)90021-X","article-title":"Physico-chemical study of Dead Sea waters. III. On gypsum saturation in Dead Sea waters and their mixtures with Mediterranean Sea water","volume":"13","author":"Krumgalz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(82)90016-0","article-title":"Physico-chemical study of the Dead Sea waters. I. Activity coefficients of major ions in Dead Sea water","volume":"11","author":"Krumgalz","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690450218","article-title":"Measuring induction period for calcium sulfate dihydrate precipitation","volume":"45","author":"Lancia","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib20","series-title":"1998. Kinetic Theory in the Earth Sciences. Princeton Series in Geochemistry","first-page":"x+811","author":"Lasaga","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib21","volume":"6 10","author":"Lensky","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib22","series-title":"Laboratory Measurements of Nucleation Processes and the Growth of Gypsum in the Mediterranean\u2013Dead Sea Mixed Brine","author":"Levy","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210196","article-title":"Identifying indicators of aesthetics in the Great Barrier Reef for the purposes of management","volume":"14","author":"Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib24","article-title":"The Dead Sea - depositional processes and environments of evaporites","volume":"4","author":"Neev","year":"1967","journal-title":"Geol. Surv. Isr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrc.20204","article-title":"Satellite observations of turbidity in the Dead Sea","volume":"118","author":"Nehorai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib26","series-title":"U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, Book 6, Chapter A43","article-title":"Description of input and examples for PHREEQC version 3 \u2014 a computer program for speciation , batch-reaction , one-dimensional transport , and inverse geochemical calculations","author":"Parkhurst","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1220","article-title":"Determination of suspended particulate matter concentration from turbidity measurements: particle size effects and calibration procedures","volume":"17","author":"Pfannkuche","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib28","article-title":"A computer program incorporating Pitzer's equations for calculation of geochemical reactions in brines","author":"Plummer","year":"1988","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Water-Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1021\/ie000391q","article-title":"Calcium sulfate dihydrate nucleation in the presence of calcium and sodium chloride salts","volume":"40","author":"Prisciandaro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.6b01441","article-title":"The effects of inorganic additives on the nucleation and growth kinetics of calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals","volume":"17","author":"Rabizadeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6954","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.9b00735","article-title":"Size distribution and morphology of gypsum crystals precipitating from hypersaline solutions","volume":"19","author":"Reiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2020.114638","article-title":"The effect of phosphonate-based antiscalant on gypsum precipitation kinetics and habit in hyper-saline solutions: an experimental and modeling approach to the planned Red Sea \u2013 Dead Sea Project","volume":"496","author":"Reiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/min11020141","article-title":"Gypsum precipitation under saline Conditions\u00a0: thermodynamics, kinetics, morphology, and size distribution","volume":"11","author":"Reiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrysgro.2017.12.037","article-title":"Towards establishing a combined rate law of nucleation and crystal growth \u2013 the case study of gypsum precipitation","volume":"485","author":"Rendel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1071\/EN09038","article-title":"Gypsum saturation degrees and precipitation potentials from Dead Seaseawater mixtures","volume":"6","author":"Reznik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2012.02.002","article-title":"Towards the establishment of a general rate law for gypsum nucleation","volume":"85","author":"Reznik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib37","first-page":"489","article-title":"Gypsum precipitation dynamics in a large experiment","volume":"vol. 13","author":"Reznik","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2011.01.034","article-title":"Kinetics of gypsum crystal growth from high ionic strength solutions: a case study of Dead Sea - seawater mixtures","volume":"75","author":"Reznik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2009.07.018","article-title":"Kinetics of gypsum nucleation and crystal growth from Dead Sea brine","volume":"73","author":"Reznik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1021\/cg300227j","article-title":"The five twin laws of gypsum (CaSO 4\u20222H 2O): a theoretical comparison of the interfaces of the penetration twins","volume":"12","author":"Rubbo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(04)00528-4","article-title":"A dual-probe approach for evaluation of gypsum crystallization in response to antiscalant treatment","volume":"169","author":"Shih","year":"2004","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2006.04.001","article-title":"Ranking of antiscalant performance for gypsum scale suppression in the presence of residual aluminum","volume":"196","author":"Shih","year":"2006","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4797(91)80030-9","article-title":"Water clarity criteria for bathing waters based on user perception","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(88)90219-6","article-title":"Interpretation of crystallization induction periods","volume":"123","author":"S\u00f6hnel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3714","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.9b00066","article-title":"Particle-mediated nucleation pathways are imprinted in the internal structure of calcium sulfate single crystals","volume":"19","author":"Stawski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11177","article-title":"Formation of calcium sulfate through the aggregation of sub-3 nanometre primary species","volume":"7","author":"Stawski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"206","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1126\/science.206.4414.55","article-title":"The Dead Sea: deepening of the mixolimnion signifies the overture to overturn of the water column","volume":"80","author":"Steinhorn","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2019.119274","article-title":"Calcium sulfate precipitation pathways in natural and engineered environments","volume":"530","author":"Van Driessche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib50","article-title":"Estimating and modeling the annual contribution of authigenic sediment to the total suspended sediment load in the Kleine Nete Basin","volume":"202","author":"Vanlierde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Belgium. Sediment. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(92)90073-R","article-title":"Influence of calcium\/sulfate molar ratio on the growth rate of calcium sulfate dihydrate at constant supersaturation","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cryst. Growth"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030147972100431X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030147972100431X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T09:37:03Z","timestamp":1759570623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030147972100431X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S030147972100431X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dynamics of turbidity in gypsum-precipitating brines: The case of the Red Sea \u2013 Dead Sea project","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112369","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112369"}}