{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:56:30Z","timestamp":1790142990878,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012015","name":"Kwame Nkrumah University \nof Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T11:08:46Z","timestamp":1721992126000},"page":"121896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Optimization of process parameters and kinetics of fluoride extraction from spent potlining using response surface methodology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"367","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8248-451X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perseverance","family":"Dzikunu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel Kwesi","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Gikunoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo","family":"Mensah-Darkwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Olukayode","family":"Akinwamide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Vila\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.01.143","article-title":"Recovery of carbon rich material:-Recycling of spent pot lining: a review","volume":"46","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.186","article-title":"Mutagenic effects of spent potliner and derivatives on Allium cepa L. and Lactuca sativa L.: a molecular approach","volume":"208","author":"Andrade-Vieira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib3","author":"Arthur"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmst.2018.04.014","article-title":"Application of response surface methodology (RSM) for optimization of leaching parameters for ash reduction from low-grade coal","volume":"28","author":"Behera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib5","series-title":"TREATMENT of SPENT POT LINING by CHEMICAL LEACHING USING NITRIC ACID for ENRICHMENT of its FUEL VALUE and OPTIMZATION of the PROCESS PARAMETERS A Thesis Submitted in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of","author":"Bishoyi","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib6","article-title":"Four-stage chemical treatment of spent pot lining carbon for titanium oxide doped high performance supercapacitor electrode material","volume":"1","author":"Bleppony","year":"2023","journal-title":"Next Mater"},{"issue":"October","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib7","article-title":"Improvement of treated spent pot lining reactivity in cementitious material by calcination","volume":"12","author":"Brial","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Built Environ."},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib8","article-title":"Effect of ultrasound power on HCl leaching kinetics of impurity removal of aphanitic graphite","volume":"95","author":"Bu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib9","article-title":"Emission-to-ash detoxification mechanisms of co-combustion of spent pot lining and pulverized coal","volume":"418","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"P2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib10","article-title":"Gas-to-ash detoxification feasibility and pathways by co-combustion of spent pot lining and food waste shells","volume":"379","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"July","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib11","article-title":"Resource utilization strategies for spent pot lining: a review of the current state","volume":"300","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.04.109","article-title":"Desulfurization of flue gas by means of lignite-derived potassium humate","volume":"252","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2022.11.012","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of a novel collector for the desulfurization of fine high-sulfur bauxite via reverse flotation","volume":"79","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"issue":"August 2022","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.11.008","article-title":"Successive selective leaching procedures for valorization of spent pot lining carbon","volume":"169","author":"Dzikunu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3810","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(22)66060-6","article-title":"An environmentally benign and sustainable process for carbon recovery and efficient defluorination of spent carbon cathode","volume":"32","author":"fan Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China (English Ed."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1515\/revce-2019-0073","article-title":"Kinetics of leaching: a review","volume":"38","author":"Faraji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.05.157","article-title":"Combustion and emissions analysis of Spent Pot lining (SPL) as alternative fuel in cement industry","volume":"684","author":"Ghenai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib18","article-title":"Measurement and control of containing-fluorine particulate matter emission during spent pot lining combustion detoxification process","volume":"447","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-013-0769-y","article-title":"An overview of useful methods to treat, recover, or recycle spent potlining","volume":"65","author":"Holywell","year":"2013","journal-title":"JOM"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15788","article-title":"Leaching of valuable metals from cathode active materials in spent lithium-ion batteries by levulinic acid and biological approaches","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"June","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib21","article-title":"Recovery of chromium and magnesium from spent magnesia-chrome refractories by acid leaching combined with alkali precipitation and evaporation","volume":"227","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"issue":"November 2021","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib22","article-title":"Formation and detection of hydrogen fluoride gas during fire fighting scenarios","volume":"127","author":"Krebs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fire Saf. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-018-1485-3","article-title":"Recovery of carbon and valuable components from spent pot lining by leaching with acidic aluminum anodizing wastewaters","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib24","series-title":"Minerals, Metals and Materials Series","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36408-3_171","article-title":"Experimental study on the collecting agent for spent potlining flotation index optimization","author":"Li","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126444","article-title":"Aluminum material flow analysis for production, consumption, and trade in China from 2008 to 2017","volume":"296","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2007.10.012","article-title":"Recovery of fluoride values from spent pot-lining: precipitation of an aluminium hydroxyfluoride hydrate product","volume":"61","author":"Lisbona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12712","DOI":"10.1021\/ie3013506","article-title":"Treatment of spent pot-lining with aluminum anodizing wastewaters: selective precipitation of aluminum and fluoride as an aluminum hydroxyfluoride hydrate product","volume":"51","author":"Lisbona","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2013.02.011","article-title":"Leaching of spent pot-lining with aluminium nitrate and nitric acid: effect of reaction conditions and thermodynamic modelling of solution. speciation","volume":"134\u2013135","author":"Lisbona","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1080\/01496395.2023.2193672","article-title":"Leaching kinetics of impurity removal from aphanitic graphite by HCl leaching","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib30","author":"Luneng"},{"issue":"November 2022","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib31","article-title":"Regeneration of raw materials for aluminum electrolysis from spent carbon anodes via a closed-loop environmentally-friendly process based on aluminum\u2013fluorine complexation","volume":"402","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"xxxx","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib32","article-title":"Optimization of aluminum hydrolysis reactions and reactor design for continuous hydrogen production using aluminum wire feeding","author":"Mutlu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib33","article-title":"Defluorination of spent pot lining from aluminum electrolysis using acidic iron-containing solution","volume":"194","author":"Nie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"issue":"February","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajce.2020.03.001","article-title":"Modeling and optimization of galena dissolution in a binary solution of nitric acid and ferric chloride using artificial neural network coupled with genetic algorithm and response surface methodology","volume":"32","author":"Nnanwube","year":"2020","journal-title":"South African J. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s40831-020-00291-6","article-title":"Experimental and kinetic modeling investigation of copper dissolution process from an Iranian mixed oxide\/sulfide copper ore","volume":"6","author":"Nozari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Metall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2015.04.010","article-title":"The precipitation and solubility of aluminium hydroxyfluoride hydrate between 30 and 70 \u00b0c","volume":"155","author":"Ntuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib37","article-title":"Optimization of process parameters for the selective leaching of copper, nickel and isolation of gold from obsolete mobile phone PCBs","volume":"4","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clean. Eng. Technol."},{"issue":"February","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib38","article-title":"Recycling graphite from waste aluminium smelter Spent Pot Lining into lithium-ion battery electrode feedstock","volume":"2","author":"Robshaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clean. Prod. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(11)61164-3","article-title":"Recovery of carbon and cryolite from spent pot lining of aluminium reduction cells by chemical leaching","volume":"22","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(11)61164-3","volume":"22","author":"Shi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib41","author":"Shirmahd"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2175\/106143099X121571","article-title":"Removal of fluoride from spent pot liner leachate using ion exchange","volume":"71","author":"Singh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2015.09.004","article-title":"Kinetics of fluoride removal from spent pot liner leachate (SPLL) contaminated groundwater","volume":"3","author":"Sleap","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2007.10.012","volume":"61","author":"Steel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-011-9604-4","article-title":"Chemical degradation of cathode linings in hall-heroult cells - an autopsy study of three spent pot linings","volume":"43","author":"Tsch\u00f6pe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib46","series-title":"ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces","first-page":"6196","article-title":"Dual-layer-structured nickel hexacyanoferrate\/MnO2 composite as a high-energy supercapacitive material based on the complementarity and interlayer concentration enhancement effect","author":"Wang","year":"2014"},{"issue":"PB","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib47","article-title":"Extraction and recycling of fluoride-containing phase from spent bottom sedimentation of aluminum smelting cell by leaching in Al3+ solution media","volume":"306","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.331","article-title":"Co-utilization of spent pot-lining and coal gangue by hydrothermal acid-leaching method to prepare silicon carbide powder","volume":"204","author":"Xiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118624","article-title":"Synergistic reutilization of red mud and spent pot lining for recovering valuable components and stabilizing harmful element","volume":"243","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118624","article-title":"Synergistic reutilization of red mud and spent pot lining for recovering valuable components and stabilizing harmful element","volume":"243","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(18)64929-5","article-title":"Carbothermic reduction of chromite fluxed with aluminum spent potlining","volume":"29","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib52","series-title":"Leaching Kinetics of Aluminum from Alkali-Fused Spent Cathode Carbon Using Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Fluoride","author":"Yuan","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125704","article-title":"Recycling and utilization of spent potlining by different high temperature treatments","volume":"289","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479724018826?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479724018826?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T19:58:59Z","timestamp":1762286339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301479724018826"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0301479724018826"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Optimization of process parameters and kinetics of fluoride extraction from spent potlining using response surface methodology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121896","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"121896"}}