{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T14:26:27Z","timestamp":1793283987951,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T03:22:23Z","timestamp":1738120943000},"page":"124293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A Bayesian Network model to integrate blue-green and gray infrastructure systems for different urban conditions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"375","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3830-9260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur H.","family":"Orak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Smail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/land10030298","article-title":"Memorial parking Trees: resilient modular design with nature-based solutions in vulnerable urban areas","volume":"10","author":"Acosta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2011.06.004","article-title":"Bayesian networks in environmental modelling","volume":"26","author":"Aguilera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-020-01365-1","article-title":"Planning nature-based solutions: principles, steps, and insights","volume":"50","author":"Albert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114727","article-title":"Green, hybrid, or gray disaster risk reduction measures: what shapes public preferences for nature-based solutions?","volume":"310","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12010061","article-title":"Enabling nature-based solutions to build back better-an environmental regulatory impact analysis of green infrastructure in ontario, Canada","volume":"12","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e01339","article-title":"Urban green space cooling effect in cities","volume":"5","author":"Aram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/land11010129","article-title":"Urban land and development management in a challenged developing world: an overview of new reflections","author":"Awuah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.109364","article-title":"Hybrid green-blue-gray decentralized urban drainage systems design, a simulation-optimization framework","volume":"249","author":"Bakhshipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.1327","article-title":"Bayesian networks in environmental and resource management","volume":"8","author":"Barton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Integrated Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.341","article-title":"An assessment framework for climate-proof nature-based solutions","volume":"656","author":"Calliari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.02.015","article-title":"Assessing allergenicity in urban parks: a nature-based solution to reduce the impact on public health","volume":"155","author":"Carinanos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progress.2013.08.001","article-title":"Climate change and the city: building capacity for urban adaptation","volume":"95","author":"Carter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog. Plann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.117082","article-title":"Green and cool roof choices integrated into rooftop solar energy modelling","volume":"296","author":"Cavadini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2023.105835","article-title":"Dynamic Bayesian networks with application in environmental modeling and management: a review","volume":"170","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings11030093","article-title":"Combating urban heat island effect\u2014a review of reflective pavements and tree shading strategies","volume":"11","author":"Cheela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112583","article-title":"The climate benefits, co-benefits, and trade-offs of green infrastructure: a systematic literature review","volume":"291","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib17","series-title":"Nature-based Solutions to Address Global Societal Challenges","author":"Cohen-Shacham","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107489","article-title":"Towards a performance-based approach for multifunctional green roofs: an interdisciplinary review","volume":"188","author":"Cook","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.2478\/rtuect-2021-0096","article-title":"Enhancing urban resilience capacities: an analytic network process-based application","volume":"25","author":"Datola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Climate Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib20","series-title":"Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas","first-page":"91","article-title":"Integrating the gray, green, and blue in cities: nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation and risk reduction","author":"Depietri","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.4001","article-title":"Diverging conditions of current and potential future urban forest patches","volume":"13","author":"Doroski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101620","article-title":"Urban greening through nature-based solutions \u2013 key characteristics of an emerging concept","volume":"49","author":"Dorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/land9010019","article-title":"Not simply green: nature-based solutions as a concept and practical approach for sustainability studies and planning agendas in cities","volume":"9","author":"Dushkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib24","series-title":"GeNIe Modeler, User Manual","author":"Druzdzel","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib25","series-title":"Evaluating the Impact of Nature-Based Solutions","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2023.104843","article-title":"Integrating green infrastructure, ecosystem services and nature-based solutions for urban sustainability: a comprehensive literature review","volume":"98","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib27","series-title":"Compendium of Nature-Based and \u2018gray\u2019 Solutions to Address Climate- and Water-Related Problems in European Cities","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib28","series-title":"Adaptation to Climate Change Using Green and Blue Infrastructure: A Database of Case Studies","author":"Ka\u017amierczak","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1080\/21664250.2021.1935581","article-title":"Linking climate change mitigation and adaptation through coastal green\u2013gray infrastructure: a perspective","volume":"63","author":"Kuwae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Coast Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135487","article-title":"Creating urban green infrastructure where it is needed - a spatial ecosystem service-based decision analysis of green roofs in Barcelona","volume":"707","author":"Langemeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s13753-018-0171-z","article-title":"Improved bayesian network-based risk model and its application in disaster risk assessment","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dis. Risk Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib32","series-title":"Nature-Based Solutions for Cities","author":"McPhearson","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/land12071371","article-title":"Mainstreaming nature-based solutions in city planning: examining scale, focus, and visibility as drivers of intervention success in liverpool, UK","volume":"12","author":"Mell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110735","article-title":"Bayesian decision network modeling for environmental risk management: a wildfire case study","volume":"270","author":"Penman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/w11122642","article-title":"Applications of bayesian networks as decision support tools for water resource management under climate change and socio-economic stressors: a critical appraisal","volume":"11","author":"Phan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2006.03.006","article-title":"Parameterisation and evaluation of a Bayesian network for use in an ecological risk assessment","volume":"22","author":"Pollino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib37","series-title":"Report. Climate Change and CitiesFirst Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network","author":"Rosenzweig","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.07.072","article-title":"Climate change and infrastructure impacts: comparing the impact on roads in ten countries through 2100","volume":"78","author":"Schweikert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"issue":"1794","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0120","article-title":"Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges","volume":"375","author":"Seddon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1017\/eds.2024.55","article-title":"Adaptive decision-making: Bayesian Network Modeling for blue\u2013green infrastructure selection in dynamic climate and land use context","volume":"3","author":"Seker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Data Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib41","author":"Somarakis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.01.017","article-title":"Mapping a green infrastructure network: a framework for spatial connectivity applied in northern Italy","volume":"131","author":"Staccione","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.610155","article-title":"Nature-based solutions for urban sustainability: an ecosystem services assessment of plans for Singapore's first \u201cforest town\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.11.033","article-title":"Advantages and challenges of Bayesian networks in environmental modelling","volume":"203","author":"Uusitalo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2023.04.014","article-title":"Nature-based solutions in informal settlements: a systematic review of projects in Southeast Asian and Pacific countries","volume":"145","author":"Wolff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbuil.2023.1271889","article-title":"A multidisciplinary perspective on the relationship between sustainable built environment and user perception: a bibliometric analysis","volume":"9","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Built Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.112682","article-title":"Stormwater retention and detention performance of green roofs with different substrates: observational data and hydrological simulations","volume":"291","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479725002695?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479725002695?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T01:05:46Z","timestamp":1763687146000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301479725002695"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0301479725002695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A Bayesian Network model to integrate blue-green and gray infrastructure systems for different urban conditions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124293","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124293"}}