{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:02:05Z","timestamp":1781625725949,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T04:25:57Z","timestamp":1757651157000},"page":"127174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Can efficiency offset emissions stemming from urban growth? Prospects for Saudi buildings"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"393","author":[{"given":"Fateh","family":"Bela\u00efd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6549-4839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeyhun I.","family":"Mikayilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raphael","family":"Apeaning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"Part B, January","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib1","article-title":"Energy price reform in Saudi Arabia: modeling the economic and environmental impacts and understanding the demand response","volume":"148","author":"Aldubyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib2","article-title":"Energy efficiency of residential buildings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: review of status and future roadmap","volume":"36","author":"Al-Homoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"issue":"November","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2016.10.001","article-title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of urban change and associated environmental impacts in five Saudi Arabian cities: a case study using remote sensing data","volume":"58","author":"Alqurashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2024.123920","article-title":"Mapping Saudi Arabia\u2019s low emissions transition path by 2060: an input-output analysis","volume":"211","author":"Alyousif","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"issue":"September","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2016.07.027","article-title":"Modelling residential electricity demand in the GCC countries","volume":"59","author":"Atalla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2025.104253","article-title":"The limits of energy conservation: Why doubling current energy efficiency progress is no easy feat","volume":"127","author":"Bela\u00efd","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2023.1218527","article-title":"Energy efficiency and residential energy consumption: current challenges, policies, and emerging trends","volume":"11","author":"Bela\u00efd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"issue":"August","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib7","article-title":"The viability of energy efficiency in facilitating Saudi Arabia's journey toward net-zero emissions","volume":"124","author":"Bela\u00efd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib8","article-title":"Exploring the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency implementation measures in the residential sector","volume":"150","author":"Bela\u00efd","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"May","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.02.015","article-title":"Understanding the spectrum of domestic energy consumption: empirical evidence from France","volume":"92","author":"Bela\u00efd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"October","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib10","article-title":"Implications of poorly designed climate policy on energy poverty: global reflections on the current surge in energy prices","volume":"92","author":"Bela\u00efd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Res. Social Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s44359-024-00011-3","article-title":"Designing long-lasting inventions for residential energy efficiency","volume":"1","author":"Bela\u00efd","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Clean Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3390\/su8040375","article-title":"The impact of urbanization on energy intensity in Saudi Arabia","volume":"8","author":"Belloumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"April","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib13","article-title":"Do energy efficiency policies save energy? A new approach based on energy policy indicators (in the EU member states)","volume":"139","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2009.08.002","article-title":"Thinking inside the box: a participatory, computer-assisted approach to scenario discovery","volume":"77","author":"Bryant","year":"2010","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7498-z","article-title":"Precipitation forecasting using classification and regression trees (CART) model: a comparative study of different approaches","volume":"77","author":"Choubin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ad33d3","article-title":"Demand-side climate change mitigation: where do we stand and where do we go?","volume":"19","author":"Creutzig","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2307\/1912517","article-title":"Likelihood ratio statistics for autoregressive time series with a unit root","volume":"49","author":"Dickey","year":"1981","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22194-0","article-title":"Evaluating the economic impact of water scarcity in a changing World","volume":"12","author":"Dolan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2021.106973","article-title":"Assessing effects of renewable deployment on emissions in the Saudi power sector until 2040 using integer optimization","volume":"34","author":"Elshurafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib23","series-title":"Global Energy & CO2 Data","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2307\/1913236","article-title":"Co-Integration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing","volume":"55","author":"Engle","year":"1987","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1086\/715606","article-title":"The economics of energy efficiency in developing countries","volume":"15","author":"Fowlie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Econ. Pol."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg0947","article-title":"The climate and health benefits from intensive building energy efficiency improvements","volume":"7","author":"Gillingham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/ret021","article-title":"Bridging the energy efficiency gap: policy insights from economic theory and empirical evidence","volume":"8","author":"Gillingham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Econ. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2018.04.006","article-title":"Standards and policies for very high energy efficiency in the urban building sector towards reaching the 1.5 C target","volume":"30","author":"Grove-Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.08.017","article-title":"Strategic priorities and cost considerations for decarbonizing electricity generation using CCS and nuclear energy","volume":"12","author":"Hayat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2025.116042","article-title":"Critically reviewing the 50 sociotechnical risks of building sector decarbonization","author":"Heinz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib34","year":"2023","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4215(94)90138-4","article-title":"The energy-efficiency gap what does it mean?","volume":"22","author":"Jaffe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-4215(91)90094-5","article-title":"How urbanization affects energy-use in developing countries","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"1991","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib37","series-title":"Achieving Net-Zero GHG Emissions of Saudi Arabia by 2060: the Transformation of the Building Sector","author":"Kamboj","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-022-10077-2","article-title":"Peak demand-based optimization approach for building retrofits: case study of Saudi residential buildings","volume":"15","author":"Krarti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Efficiency"},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.01.002","article-title":"A meta-analysis on the price elasticity of energy demand","volume":"102","author":"Labandeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000701","article-title":"Large ensemble analytic framework for consequence-driven discovery of climate change scenarios","volume":"6","author":"Lamontagne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-112321-102921","article-title":"Modeling low energy demand futures for buildings: current state and research needs","volume":"48","author":"Mastrucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib45","article-title":"Climate mitigation from circular and sharing economy in the buildings sector","volume":"158","author":"Mata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tej.2020.106772","article-title":"Electricity demand modeling in Saudi Arabia: do regional differences matter?","volume":"33","author":"Mikayilov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib47","series-title":"How Have Electricity Tariffs Evolved in Saudi Arabia over the Last Half Century (1974\u20132023)?","author":"Mikayilov","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluating sector-based impact of environmental indicators on Iran GHGs emission: a scenario developing approach","author":"Mousavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1080\/00036840500278103","article-title":"The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests","volume":"37","author":"Narayan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s44274-023-00018-w","article-title":"The relationship between atmospheric temperature inversion and urban air pollution characteristics: a case study of Tehran, Iran","volume":"1","author":"Nejad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Discover Environment"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2307\/2951679","article-title":"Canonical cointegrating regressions","volume":"60","author":"Park","year":"1992","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib52","series-title":"Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century: the Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium","article-title":"An autoregressive distributed Lag modeling approach to Co-integration analysis","author":"Pesaran","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.616","article-title":"Bound testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships","volume":"16","author":"Pesaran","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Econom."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2307\/2297545","article-title":"Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I(1) processes","volume":"57","author":"Phillips","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2013.01.009","article-title":"Do urbanization and industrialization affect energy intensity in developing countries?","volume":"37","author":"Sadorsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266466600010720","article-title":"Estimation and testing of cointegrated systems by an autoregressive approximation","volume":"8","author":"Saikkonen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Econom. Theory"},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.12.055","article-title":"Price and income elasticities of residential energy demand in Germany","volume":"102","author":"Schulte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.2307\/2951763","article-title":"A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems","volume":"61","author":"Stock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174_bib59","series-title":"Classification and Regression Trees (CART) Theory and Applications","author":"Timofeev","year":"2004"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479725031500?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479725031500?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T15:45:15Z","timestamp":1766850315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301479725031500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0301479725031500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Can efficiency offset emissions stemming from urban growth? Prospects for Saudi buildings","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127174","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"127174"}}