{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:18:57Z","timestamp":1791389937621,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009201","name":"Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009201","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:42:28Z","timestamp":1762476148000},"page":"127741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Climate change and flood susceptibility in Bocas del Toro, Panama: A multi-criteria spatial analysis approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"395","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1467-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dereck Mbeh","family":"Petiangma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald G.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Quesada-Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4638-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Blake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelio","family":"McFarlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5103-4460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rines.2024.100019","article-title":"Integrated GIS and analytic hierarchy process for flood risk assessment in the dades wadi watershed (central high atlas, Morocco)","author":"Aichi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Earth Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-05903-1","article-title":"Flood hazards susceptibility mapping using statistical, fuzzy logic, and MCDM methods","volume":"25","author":"Akay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/w15101943","article-title":"Geospatial-based analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and weighted product model (WPM) techniques for mapping and assessing flood susceptibility in the wadi hanifah drainage basin, Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia","volume":"15","author":"AlAli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib5","article-title":"Climate change scenarios in the southern Caribbean region of central America","volume":"73","author":"Alfaro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3390\/w16030397","article-title":"A weighted overlay analysis for assessing urban flood risks in arid lands: a case study of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"16","author":"Alharbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2021.1955755","article-title":"GIS-Based multi-criteria analysis for flood prone areas mapping in the trans-boundary shatt Al-Arab basin, Iraq-Iran","volume":"12","author":"Allafta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib8","series-title":"Coastal Resources of Bocas Del Toro Panama: Tourism and Development Pressures and the Quest for Sustainability","article-title":"Mangrove forest of Bocas del Toro Province and the Ngobe-Bugle Cormaca, Panama: structural description and comparison to Neotropical Forest","author":"Araujo","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib9","series-title":"NASA Alaska Satellite Facility Distributed Active Archive Center","article-title":"ALOS PALSAR high resolution radiometric terrain corrected product","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214","article-title":"Present and future k\u00f6ppen-geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution","volume":"5","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7625","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-024-07100-3","article-title":"Assessment of flood susceptibility in cachar district of Assam, India using GIS-Based multi-criteria decision-making and analytical hierarchy process","volume":"121","author":"Borah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib14","article-title":"The dynamics of climate change science and policy in Panama: a review","author":"Castillero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Square"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129236","article-title":"Impacts of climate warming on floods and their implications to current flood defense standards","volume":"618","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2010.06.001","article-title":"Spatial sensitivity analysis of multi-criteria weights in GIS-based land suitability evaluation","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2024.108878","article-title":"Using forty years of research to view Bah\u00eda almirante on the Caribbean Coast of Panama as an integrated social-ecological system","author":"Collin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2021.101206","article-title":"Multi-criteria decision based geospatial mapping of flood susceptibility and temporal hydro-geomorphic changes in the subarnarekha basin, India","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosci. Front."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib18","article-title":"Flood susceptibility mapping of the Western Ghat coastal belt using multi-source geospatial data and analytical hierarchy process (AHP)","volume":"20","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Appl.: Soc. Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2166\/h2oj.2022.128","article-title":"Flood susceptibility mapping in the bilate catchment, Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"Edamo","year":"2022","journal-title":"H2Open J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030440","article-title":"Flash flood water depth estimation using SAR images, digital elevation models, and machine learning algorithms","volume":"14","author":"Elkhrachy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib21","series-title":"2017 2nd International Conferences on Information Technology, Information Systems and Electrical Engineering","article-title":"Spatial flood risk mapping in East java, Indonesia, using analytic hierarchy process\u2014Natural breaks classification","author":"Fariza","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib22","unstructured":"Global Americans, 2023. Extreme weather events and resilience: high-level working group on climate change in the Caribbean. Smart News and Research for Latin America Change Makers. https:\/\/globalamericans.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Extreme-Weather-Events-and-Resilience-in-the-Caribbean.pdf. (Accessed 15 February 2025). 1-36."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib23","article-title":"With major processing by our world in data. \u201cShare of global annual CO2 emissions \u2013 GCB\u201d","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Carbon Project"},{"issue":"148","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib24","article-title":"Flood hazard assessment and mapping using GIS integrated with multi-criteria decision analysis in upper awash river basin, Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Hagos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.19184\/geosi.v6i2.24173","article-title":"Flash flood susceptibility mapping at andungbiru watershed, East java using AHP-information weighted method","volume":"6","author":"Handini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geosfera Indones"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5686","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3990.1","article-title":"Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming","volume":"19","author":"Held","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib27","series-title":"En: Primer Lugar Del Call for Papers 2023","first-page":"13","article-title":"Escenarios de cambio climatico de ultima generacion para America Central y la Republica Dominicana\u201d Implicancias en la gestion de la inversion publica","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193570","article-title":"Future climate change scenarios in central America at high spatial resolution","volume":"13","author":"Imbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib91","series-title":"Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-023-01213-2","article-title":"Flood susceptibility mapping through geoinformatics and ensemble learning methods, with an emphasis on the AdaBoost-Decision tree algorithm, in Mazandaran, Iran","volume":"17","author":"Jahanbani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-024-07007-z","article-title":"Flood risk zone mapping and future projections for the thamirabarani river basin, southern India: insights from decadal rainfall trends and GIS-Based analytical hierarchy process technique","volume":"121","author":"Kaliraj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib35","series-title":"International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.13033\/isahp.y2018.062","article-title":"Weight adjustment using machine learning applied to the analytical hierarchy process","author":"Kamps","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.2166\/wcc.2023.035","article-title":"Parameters and methods used in flood susceptibility mapping: a review","volume":"14","author":"Kaya","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Water Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07182-z","article-title":"Multi-criteria decision analysis for regional-scale food susceptibility mapping in Kerala state, India","volume":"7","author":"Kendagannaswamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib38","first-page":"97","article-title":"Flood susceptibility assessment using frequency ratio and weights-of-evidence models in Iran: a case study of the karkheh river basin","volume":"83","author":"Khosravi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1377053","article-title":"Local perspectives on marine ecotourism development in a water-insecured island region: the case of Bocas del Toro, Panama","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib40","first-page":"193","article-title":"Climate change drives flooding risk increases in the yellow river valley","volume":"5","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Geogr. Sustain."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Data used for GIS-Based flood susceptibility mapping","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geodata"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/w15213755","article-title":"An Analysis of Rainfall Characteristics and Rainfall Flood Relationships in Cities along the Yangtze River Based on Machine Learning: A Case Study of Luzhou","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9817","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2022.2025918","article-title":"Assessment of flood susceptibility mapping using support vector machine, logistic regression and their ensemble techniques in the belt and road region","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3785","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11755-z","article-title":"Climate change exacerbates hurricane flood hazards along US Atlantic and GulfCoasts in spatially varying patterns","volume":"10","author":"Marsooli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-020-00530-0","article-title":"Flood susceptibility assessment using extreme gradient boosting (EGB), Iran","volume":"14","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib47","series-title":"Building Urban Resilience in the Caribbean: Policies, Practices and Prospects","author":"Mycoo","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib48","series-title":"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","first-page":"2043","article-title":"Small Islands","author":"Mycoo","year":"2022"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-022-01772-7","article-title":"Potential flood-prone area identification and mapping using GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making and analytical hierarchy process in dega damot district, northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"12","author":"Negese","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.38124\/ijisrt\/IJISRT24NOV196","article-title":"Contribution of rainfall intensity to flooding in Ozoro, Delta State, Nigeria","volume":"9","author":"Ojoh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Sci. Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib52","author":"Paton"},{"issue":"48","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib54","article-title":"Novel approach of the application of drainage morphometry and analytical hierarchy process to the flood susceptibility assessment of the ungauged kakum river basin, using remote sensing data","volume":"11","author":"Quaicoe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Flood risk method for scarce-data catchments and municipalities","volume":"72","author":"Quesada-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Geol. Am. Cent."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib56","first-page":"45","article-title":"Occurrence, impacts, and future challenges of disaster risk in Panama","volume":"19","author":"Quesada-Rom\u00e1n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Georisk"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib57","series-title":"How the Caribbean is Building Climate Resilience","author":"Roy","year":"2024"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/cli12070104","article-title":"Analysis of climate risk in panama's urban areas","volume":"12","author":"Ru\u00edz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Climate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(87)90473-8","article-title":"The analytic hierarchy process\u2014what it is and how it is used","volume":"9","author":"Saaty","year":"1987","journal-title":"Math. Model."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-023-06037-3","article-title":"Application of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for flood susceptibility mapping using GIS techniques in thamirabarani river basin, srivaikundam region, southern India","volume":"118","author":"Selvam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib61","series-title":"Climate Change 2021: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","first-page":"1513","article-title":"Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate","author":"Seneviratne","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15010192","article-title":"Comparison of machine learning algorithms for flood susceptibility mapping","volume":"15","author":"Seydi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib63","series-title":"Flood of January 2005: Preliminary Report No. 27, Bocas Del Toro","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib64","article-title":"Preliminary report N. 7: description of the phenomenon or situation","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bulletin No. 1 of Friday 21 November"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib65","series-title":"Preliminary Report No. 12: Bocas Del Toro Province, Newsletter No.2","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib66","series-title":"Provincial Emergency Operations Centre News Report of 14 November: Bocas Del Toro","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1256500","article-title":"An inequity assessment framework for planning coastal and marine conservation and development interventions","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2023.1249567","article-title":"Rethinking disaster risk for ecological risk assessment","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124972","article-title":"Advancing flood risk assessment: multitemporal SAR-Based flood generation using transfer learning and hybrid fuzzy-AHP-machine learning flood susceptibility mapping in the mahananda river basin","volume":"380","author":"Singha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib70","series-title":"Coastal Resources of Bocas Del Toro Panama: Tourism and Development Pressures and the Quest for Sustainability","article-title":"Bocas del Toro at a crossroad: introduction to the themes of the publication","author":"Suman","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9120720","article-title":"Flood susceptibility mapping through AHP technique using cloud","volume":"9","author":"Swain","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. J. Geo. Info"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13112053","article-title":"Characterization of the 2014 Indus River flood using hydraulic simulations and satellite images","volume":"13","author":"Tariq","year":"2021","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.3390\/w17091276","article-title":"Harnessing AHP and fuzzy scenarios for resilient flood management in arid environments: challenges and pathways toward sustainability","volume":"17","author":"Tavakoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib74","first-page":"222","article-title":"GIS-Based spatial prediction of flood prone areas using standalone frequency ratio, logistic regression, weight of evidence and their ensemble techniques","volume":"32","author":"Tehrany","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib75","unstructured":"The New York Times, Sept.2024. Floods wreak havoc across four continents. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/09\/18\/climate\/global-flooding-climate-change.html. (Accessed 31 December 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib76","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disaster prevention in the Caribbean: A buoy for the future, OCHA"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3390\/w11020364","article-title":"Flood susceptibility mapping on the national scale in Slovakia using analytical hierarchy process","volume":"11","author":"Vojtek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib81","first-page":"238","article-title":"Flood vulnerability detection using topographic wetness index (TWI) in way katibung sub-watershed","volume":"3","author":"Wahyuni","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.06.008","article-title":"Flood hazard risk assessment model based on random forest","volume":"527","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"Part B","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib83","article-title":"Evidence of shorter extreme rainfall and increased flood variability under climate change","volume":"603","author":"Wasko","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1515\/geo-2020-0329","article-title":"Comparison of statistical and analytical hierarchy process methods on flood susceptibility mapping: in a case study of the Lake Tana sub-basin in northwestern Ethiopia","volume":"13","author":"Wubalem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Geosci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030147972503717X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030147972503717X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:23:37Z","timestamp":1773300217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030147972503717X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["S030147972503717X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Climate change and flood susceptibility in Bocas del Toro, Panama: A multi-criteria spatial analysis approach","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127741","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"127741"}}