{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:31:45Z","timestamp":1787315505644,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T10:24:50Z","timestamp":1762338290000},"page":"127916","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The role of climate in shaping vegetation dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes in global protected forest landscapes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"395","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1003-3602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Rezaul","family":"Karim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4750-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham","family":"Ashrafizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Shamim Reza","family":"Saimun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6600-4395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxi","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvez","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed A.S.","family":"Arfin-Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.08.011","article-title":"Multiple-use protected areas are critical to equitable and effective conservation","volume":"6","author":"Adams","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Earth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz7005","article-title":"Climate-driven risks to the climate mitigation potential of forests","volume":"368","author":"Anderegg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02269.x","article-title":"Differential responses of production and respiration to temperature and moisture drive the carbon balance across a climatic gradient in New Mexico","volume":"17","author":"Anderson-Teixeira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16664","article-title":"Making protected areas effective for biodiversity, climate and food","volume":"29","author":"Arneth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-022-01558-x","article-title":"Forest-sedgeland boundaries are historically stable and resilient to wildfire at Blakes Opening in the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, Australia","volume":"38","author":"Bowman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/btp.12194","article-title":"Relevance of global Forest change data set to local conservation: case Study of Forest degradation in Masoala National Park, Madagascar","volume":"47","author":"Burivalova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib8","series-title":"Wild Mammals of Wyoming and Yellowstone National Park","author":"Buskirk","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib9","article-title":"Analyzing drivers of tropical moist forest dynamics in the Kahuzi-Biega national park landscape, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo from 1990 to 2022","volume":"14","author":"Cirezi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1636","article-title":"Climate changes and wildfire alter vegetation of Yellowstone National Park, but forest cover persists","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41902","article-title":"A small subset of protected areas are a highly significant source of carbon emissions","volume":"7","author":"Collins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib12","article-title":"The 50-year Landsat collection 2 archive","volume":"8","author":"Crawford","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-024-02452-2","article-title":"Increasing frequency and intensity of the most extreme wildfires on Earth","volume":"8","author":"Cunningham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib14","series-title":"Tree Kangaroos","first-page":"135","article-title":"Chapter 10 - creating the first conservation area in Papua New Guinea to protect tree kangaroos","author":"Dabek","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JG007014","article-title":"Drivers of decadal carbon fluxes across temperate ecosystems","volume":"127","author":"Desai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38073-9","article-title":"The effectiveness of global protected areas for climate change mitigation","volume":"14","author":"Duncanson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib17","first-page":"409","article-title":"Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression","volume":"37","author":"Durbin","year":"1950","journal-title":"I. Biometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008899900654","article-title":"Species richness and floristic composition in four hectares in the Ja\u00fa National Park in upland forests in Central Amazonia","volume":"7","author":"Ferreira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/gdj3.87","article-title":"Leaf phenology amplitude derived from MODIS NDVI and EVI: maps of leaf phenology synchrony for Meso- and South America","volume":"7","author":"Gerard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geosci. Data J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib20","first-page":"249","article-title":"Assessment of NDVI variations in responses to climate change in The Horn of Africa. Egypt","volume":"23","author":"Ghebrezgabher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens. Space Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3390\/land7040138","article-title":"Forest carbon gain and loss in protected areas of Uganda: implications to carbon benefits of conservation","volume":"7","author":"Gizachew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-012-0269-3","article-title":"Incorporating climate change into systematic conservation planning","volume":"21","author":"Groves","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1244693","article-title":"High-Resolution global maps of 21st-Century Forest cover change","volume":"342","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-020-0453-3","article-title":"Version 4 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset","volume":"7","author":"Harris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-00976-6","article-title":"Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes","volume":"11","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-022-01114-x","article-title":"Shifts in vegetation activity of terrestrial ecosystems attributable to climate trends","volume":"16","author":"Higgins","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/f10100849","article-title":"Bia\u0142owie\u017ca forest\u2014a relic of the high naturalness of European forests","volume":"10","author":"Jaroszewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/f10100864","article-title":"Microsites and climate zones: seedling regeneration in the Alpine treeline ecotone worldwide","volume":"10","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl5889","article-title":"Global rise in forest fire emissions linked to climate change in the extratropics","volume":"386","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.110374","article-title":"Integrating forest cover change and carbon storage dynamics: leveraging Google Earth Engine and InVEST model to inform conservation in hilly regions","volume":"152","author":"Kafy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050485","article-title":"Evaluation of the Plant Phenology Index (PPI), NDVI and EVI for start-of-season trend analysis of the northern hemisphere boreal zone","volume":"9","author":"Karkauskaite","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s40808-021-01113-8","article-title":"Modelling vegetation health and stress using hypersepctral remote sensing data","volume":"8","author":"Kureel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Model. Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2007.1732","article-title":"Future battlegrounds for conservation under global change","volume":"275","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib35","first-page":"384","article-title":"Climate change, biodiversity conservation and protected area planning in Canada. Can. Geogr","volume":"49","author":"Lemieux","year":"2005","journal-title":"G\u00e9ographe Can."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-012-4998-1","article-title":"The spatial distribution of forest carbon sinks and sources in China","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib37","article-title":"Estimation of broadleaf tree canopy height of Wolong nature reserve based on InSAR and machine learning methods","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2017.08.032","article-title":"Assessing the risk to the conservation status of temperate rainforest from exposure to mining, commercial logging, and climate change: a Tasmanian case study","volume":"215","author":"Mackey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib39","first-page":"63","article-title":"The role of forest protected areas in adaptation to climate change","volume":"60","author":"Mansourian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Unasylva"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2563","article-title":"Elevation-dependent warming in mountain regions of the world","volume":"5","author":"Pepin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039337","article-title":"Protected areas: mixed success in conserving East Africa's evergreen forests","volume":"7","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.119922","article-title":"Using permanent forest plots to evaluate the resilience to fire of Tasmania's tall wet eucalypt forests","volume":"505","author":"Prior","year":"2022","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69276-9","article-title":"Towards understanding climate change impacts: monitoring the vegetation dynamics of terrestrial national parks in Indonesia","volume":"14","author":"Ramdani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10531-017-1442-5","article-title":"Adapting systematic conservation planning for climate change","volume":"27","author":"Reside","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GB005658","article-title":"Complex terrain influences ecosystem carbon responses to temperature and precipitation","volume":"31","author":"Reyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87661-6","article-title":"Topography modulates near-ground microclimate in the Mediterranean Fagus sylvatica treeline","volume":"11","author":"Rita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.03.011","article-title":"Protected area effectiveness against land development in Spain","volume":"215","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/762\/1\/012020","article-title":"Preliminary study on plant ecology in Tangkahan Area, Gunung Leuser National Park","volume":"762","author":"Susanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.10842","article-title":"How do global forest pests respond to increasing temperatures? \u2013 a meta\u2010analysis","volume":"2024","author":"Warlo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1724","article-title":"A global study of GPP focusing on light-use efficiency in a random forest regression model","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01389-0","article-title":"A forest loss report card for the world's protected areas","volume":"5","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo0119","article-title":"Protected areas provide thermal buffer against climate change","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2025.1487503","article-title":"Climate change and forestry carbon sink: a literature review and visualization perspective","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. For. Glob. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.12.031","article-title":"Coupled estimation of 500 m and 8-day resolution global evapotranspiration and gross primary production in 2002 \u2013 2017","volume":"222","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9887","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169887","article-title":"Evaluation of the carbon sink capacity of the proposed Kunlun Mountain National Park","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3390\/f9050227","article-title":"Responses of the carbon storage and sequestration potential of Forest vegetation to temperature increases in Yunnan Province, SW China","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Forests"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479725038927?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479725038927?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T12:42:34Z","timestamp":1767444154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301479725038927"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0301479725038927"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The role of climate in shaping vegetation dynamics and carbon dioxide fluxes in global protected forest landscapes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127916","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"127916"}}