{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:04:32Z","timestamp":1789607072703,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013405","name":"Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TKITOE_WOZ_2410, 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKITOE_WOZ_2410, 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013405","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"NWO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NWA . 1630 . 23 . 016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NWA . 1630 . 23 . 016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032168","name":"Heerema Marine Contractors","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007213","name":"Vattenfall AB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007213","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T01:14:14Z","timestamp":1788052454000},"page":"130810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Renewable energy caves: water replenishment holes in offshore monopiles create novel marine habitats"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"416","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1241-6591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leandra M.","family":"Kornau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1185-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birte","family":"Leutelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiaan J.","family":"van Sluis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6804-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niek","family":"Bruinsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolijn D.","family":"Mascini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9749-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renate A.","family":"Olie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank A.G.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sytske","family":"van den Akker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8800-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"de Haan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2640-5586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eline","family":"van Onselen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7587-9912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Strigin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0049-3768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reindert","family":"Nijland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8127-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joop W.P.","family":"Coolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib1","series-title":"International Symposium on Information Theory","first-page":"267","article-title":"Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle","author":"Akaike","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib2","series-title":"Renewal of Water in Monopiles for Offshore Wind [Aalborg University]. Thesis","author":"Andersen","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2307\/1542577","article-title":"Prey capture by the sea anemone Metridium senile (L.): effects of body size, flow regime, and upstream neighbors","volume":"192","author":"Anthony","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.08.040","article-title":"Sulphur-cycling bacteria and ciliated protozoans in a Beggiatoaceae mat covering organically enriched sediments beneath a salmon farm in a southern Chilean fjord","volume":"100","author":"Aranda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib5","author":"Beermann"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-011-1872-7","article-title":"Differences in resource utilization and behaviour between coexisting Jassa species (Crustacea, Amphipoda)","volume":"159","author":"Beermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400015836","article-title":"Aggregation behaviour of the brittle-star Ophiothrix fragilis","volume":"55","author":"Broom","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib8","author":"Carstensen"},{"issue":"P1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib9","article-title":"Water replenishment inside monopile subject to irregular waves","volume":"357","author":"Carstensen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1021\/es802762a","article-title":"Hypoxia-related processes in the Baltic Sea","volume":"43","author":"Conley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"982","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1086\/283241","article-title":"Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization","volume":"111","author":"Connell","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.1997.tb00430.x","article-title":"The amphipod community as a bioindicator in Algeciras Bay (Southern Iberian Peninsula) based on a spatio-temporal distribution","volume":"18","author":"Conradi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2020.101968","article-title":"Ecological implications of removing a concrete gas platform in the North Sea","volume":"166","author":"Coolen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib14","series-title":"Marine growth sampling tool evaluation : evaluation of the performance of an ROV-mounted tool for sampling marine growth on offshore energy structures","author":"Coolen","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115173","article-title":"Generalized changes of benthic communities after construction of wind farms in the southern North Sea","volume":"315","author":"Coolen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib16","series-title":"Fourth European Marine Biology Symposium","first-page":"443","article-title":"Responses of the larva of Diplosoma listerianum to light and gravity","author":"Crisp","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.126922","article-title":"Offshore wind turbines constitute benthic secondary production hotspots on and around constructions","volume":"393","author":"Dannheim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-04920-1","article-title":"Biodiversity information of benthic species at ARtificial structures - BISAR","volume":"12","author":"Dannheim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7714(95)90027-6","article-title":"Suspension-feeding activity of a dense Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard) population at the water-sediment interface: time coupling of food availability and feeding behaviour of the species","volume":"41","author":"Davoult","year":"1995","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2021.632243","article-title":"Offshore windfarm footprint of sediment organic matter mineralization processes","volume":"8","author":"De Borger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-1101(98)00049-5","article-title":"Numbers of larvae and primary plantigrades of the mussel Mytilus edulis in the Western Dutch Wadden Sea","volume":"41","author":"De Vooys","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2020.405","article-title":"Offshore wind farm artificial reefs affect ecosystem structure and functioning: a synthesis","volume":"33","author":"Degraer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oceanography"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib23","article-title":"Rethinking the responsible application of nature-inclusive design in marine infrastructure to restore ecosystems and enhance biodiversity","volume":"83","author":"Degraer","year":"2026","journal-title":"ICES (Int. Counc. Explor. Sea) J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib24","series-title":"D-Flow Flexible Mesh: Computational Core and User Interface - User Manual","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib25","series-title":"D-Water Quality User Manual","year":"2026"},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2007.00172.x","article-title":"Settlement and primary succession in a shallow submarine cave: spatial and temporal benthic assemblage distinctness","volume":"28","author":"Denitto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mediterranean marine caves: a synthesis of current knowledge","volume":"59","author":"Gerovasileiou","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039873","article-title":"Marine Caves of the Mediterranean Sea: a sponge biodiversity reservoir within a biodiversity hotspot","volume":"7","author":"Gerovasileiou","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8050332","article-title":"Using artificial-reef knowledge to enhance the ecological function of offshore wind turbine foundations: implications for fish abundance and diversity","volume":"8","author":"Glarou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib30","series-title":"GADM Database of Global Administrative Areas, Version 4.1","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4669.2011.00281.x","article-title":"Niche differentiation among mat-forming, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria at cold seeps of the Nile Deep Sea Fan (Eastern Mediterranean Sea)","volume":"9","author":"Gr\u00fcnke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geobiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2008.02.006","article-title":"Towards a classification of organic enrichment in marine sediments based on biogeochemical indicators","volume":"56","author":"Hargrave","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib33","series-title":"Stony Brook Theses and Dissertations Collection","first-page":"2006","article-title":"The invasion of the colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum, into south shore bays of Long Island, New York-Feeding and metabolic characteristics\u00a0[Stony Brook University]. Thesis","author":"Harrington","year":"2010"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-007-0788-8","article-title":"Dispersal mechanisms in amphipods: a case study of Jassa herdmani (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the North Sea","volume":"153","author":"Havermans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib35","series-title":"EUROCORR 2011 Conference","article-title":"Inspection and monitoring of corrosion inside monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines","author":"Hilbert","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib36","series-title":"Subtidal Brittlestar Beds: an Overview of Dynamics and Sensitivity Characteristics for Conservation Management of Marine Sacs. UK Marine SACs Project","author":"Hughes","year":"1998"},{"issue":"P2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib37","article-title":"Jet velocities in water replenishment holes: a large-scale experiment","volume":"342","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib38","author":"Jacobsen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2024.118071","article-title":"Experimental study on water replenishment holes in offshore monopiles","volume":"306","author":"Kesgin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-21-1685-2024","article-title":"Structural complexity and benthic metabolism: resolving the links between carbon cycling and biodiversity in restored seagrass meadows","volume":"21","author":"Kindeberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib41","series-title":"Innovations in Marine Biodiversity Monitoring Using Small Unmanned Underwater Vehicles: Rovs & Auvs","author":"Kingma","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib42","author":"Korhonen"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-022-10189-w","article-title":"Fast and universal estimation of latent variable models using extended variational approximations","volume":"33","author":"Korhonen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stat. Comput."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.14437","article-title":"A comparison of joint species distribution models for percent cover data","volume":"15","author":"Korhonen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2012.12.004","article-title":"Epifauna dynamics at an offshore foundation \u2013 implications of future wind power farming in the North Sea","volume":"85","author":"Krone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-023-02163-5","article-title":"Respiration kinetics and allometric scaling in the demosponge Halichondria panicea","volume":"23","author":"Kumala","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Ecol. Evol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1562\/2006-07-11-IR-965","article-title":"Photoreceptive systems in ascidians","volume":"83","author":"Kusakabe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.70009","article-title":"Evaluation of a nanopore sequencing strategy on bacterial communities from marine sediments","volume":"6","author":"Lemoinne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. DNA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/1542289","article-title":"Effects of flow and seston availability on scope for growth of benthic suspension-feeding invertebrates from the Gulf of Maine","volume":"187","author":"Lesser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-6-2063-2009","article-title":"Effects of natural and human-induced hypoxia on coastal benthos","volume":"6","author":"Levin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01661","article-title":"Abundance and diversity of denitrifying and anammox bacteria in seasonally hypoxic and sulfidic sediments of the saline Lake Grevelingen","volume":"7","author":"Lipsewers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2024.116352","article-title":"Artificial light at night alters the feeding activity and two molecular indicators in the plumose sea anemone Metridium senile (L.)","volume":"202","author":"Lynn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"204","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.s2-51.204.557","article-title":"The development of Ophiothrix fragilis","volume":"s2\u201351","author":"MacBride","year":"1907","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib54","article-title":"An ecosystem model of the North Sea to support an ecosystem approach to fisheries management: description and parameterisation","volume":"142","author":"Mackinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Ser. Tech. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib55","article-title":"The corrosion and biofouling characteristics of sealed vs. perforated offshore monopile interiors: experiment design comparing corrosion and environment inside steel pipe [Florida Institute of Technology ]. Thesis","author":"Maher","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib56","series-title":"Proceedings of OCEANS 2018 MTS\/IEEE Charleston","first-page":"22","article-title":"The corrosion and biofouling characteristics of sealed vs. perforated offshore monopile interiors experiment design comparing corrosion and environment inside steel pipe","author":"Maher","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315404009579h","article-title":"Temporal variation of several structure descriptors in animal-dominated benthic communities in two Mediterranean caves","volume":"84","author":"Mart\u00ed","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00379","article-title":"Resource niches of co-occurring invertebrate species at an offshore wind turbine indicate a substantial degree of trophic plasticity","volume":"7","author":"Mavraki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2019.104868","article-title":"Functional differences in trophic structure of offshore wind farm communities: a stable isotope study","volume":"157","author":"Mavraki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsaa133","article-title":"Organic matter assimilation by hard substrate fauna in an offshore wind farm area: a pulse-chase study","volume":"77","author":"Mavraki","year":"2020","journal-title":"ICES (Int. Counc. Explor. Sea) J. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib61","first-page":"321","article-title":"Oxygen consumption in two benthic cnidarians: Alcyonium digitatum (Linnaeus, 1758) and Urticina felina (Linnaeus, 1767)","volume":"vol. 1995","author":"Mign\u00e9","year":"1997"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/07924259.2002.9652771","article-title":"Reproductive cycle and spawning induction in the gregarious brittle star Ophiothrix fragilis (Echinodermata) in the Oosterschelde (Netherlands)","volume":"42","author":"Morgan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invertebr. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3354\/meps11126","article-title":"Colonization and successional patterns of the mobile epifaunal community along an environmental gradient in a marine cave","volume":"521","author":"Navarro-Barranco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.02.023","article-title":"Effects of light pollution on the emergent fauna of shallow marine ecosystems: amphipods as a case study","volume":"94","author":"Navarro-Barranco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08838","article-title":"Role of the sea anemone Metridium senile in structuring a developing subtidal fouling community","volume":"421","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib66","author":"Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13303","article-title":"Gllvm: fast analysis of multivariate abundance data with generalized linear latent variable models in r","volume":"10","author":"Niku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2016.01.007","article-title":"Benthic nutrient fluxes in the Eastern Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea) with particular focus on microbial mat ecosystems","volume":"158","author":"Noffke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mar. Syst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10225","article-title":"Assessing the physiological responses of the gastropod Crepidula fornicata to predicted ocean acidification and warming","volume":"61","author":"Noisette","year":"2016","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/2675-2824072.22152","article-title":"A report on new sponge-ophiuroid associations and reinforcement of scientific knowledge","volume":"72","author":"Oliveira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocean. Coast. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00391253","article-title":"Seasonal changes in the biochemical composition and oxygen consumption of the sea anemone Actinia equina as related to body size and shore level","volume":"97","author":"Ortega","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2020.105226","article-title":"Long-term environmental tolerance of the non-indigenous Pacific oyster to expected contemporary climate change conditions","volume":"164","author":"Pack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1890\/12-1612.1","article-title":"Flow, recruitment limitation, and the maintenance of diversity in marine benthic communities","volume":"95","author":"Palardy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib74","series-title":"Rstudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. Posit Software, PBC","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib75","series-title":"Computational Science \u2014 ICCS 2003. Lecture Notes in Computer Science","article-title":"Component software systems for surface water simulation","volume":"2657","author":"Postma","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib76","series-title":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (V.4.5.0)","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib77","first-page":"1","article-title":"An introduction to the biology of British littoral barnacles","volume":"6","author":"Rainbow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Field Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib78","series-title":"Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews","article-title":"Sponges, bryozoans and ascidians on deeply overhanging lower shore bedrock or caves - MarLIN - the marine life information network","author":"Readman","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3354\/meps163245","article-title":"Weight-to-weight conversion factors for marine benthic macroinvertebrates","volume":"163","author":"Ricciardi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib80","series-title":"Marine Animal Forests","first-page":"1","article-title":"Filter-feeding zoobenthos and hydrodynamics","author":"Riisg\u00e5rd","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib82","series-title":"Bathymetry Dutch Part of the North Sea Deeper than 10 M LAT","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib83","series-title":"Positions of Turbines and Licensed Wind Farm Areas (Netherlands)","author":"Rijkswaterstaat","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2005.06.001","article-title":"A growth model of the cockle (Cerastoderma edule L.) tested in the Oosterschelde estuary (the Netherlands)","volume":"54","author":"Rueda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3354\/meps290067","article-title":"Spatial variation in the recruitment of benthic assemblages to artificial substrata","volume":"290","author":"Rule","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib86","series-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Offshore Technology Conference","article-title":"CFD analysis of pressure variations on airtight platforms for offshore wind turbines monopile foundation","author":"Sarada","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2019.101782","article-title":"Oil and gas platforms as artificial substrates for epibenthic North Sea fauna: effects of location and depth","volume":"153","author":"Schutter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-018-2251-3","article-title":"Seasonality of oxygen consumption in five common Antarctic benthic marine invertebrates","volume":"41","author":"Souster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87418-1","article-title":"Understanding drivers of wild oyster population persistence","volume":"11","author":"Teixeira Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2023.1143242","article-title":"Five golden principles to advance marine reef restoration by linking science and industry","volume":"10","author":"ter Hofstede","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib91","series-title":"CFD Analysis of Water Replenishment Holes in an Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation","author":"Tupkar","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3354\/meps200201","article-title":"Mass recruitment of Ophiothrix fragilis (Ophiuroidea) on sponges: settlement patterns and post-settlement dynamics","volume":"200","author":"Turon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2006.10.014","article-title":"Do artificial substrates favor nonindigenous fouling species over native species?","volume":"342","author":"Tyrrell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2005.12.029","article-title":"Early development of subtidal macrofaunal assemblages: relationships to period and timing of colonization","volume":"330","author":"Underwood","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15592","article-title":"Biases in bulk: DNA metabarcoding of marine communities and the methodology involved","volume":"30","author":"Van der Loos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146324","article-title":"Marine fouling assemblages on offshore gas platforms in the Southern North Sea: effects of depth and distance from shore on biodiversity","volume":"11","author":"Van der Stap","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib97","series-title":"GLLVM-workshop: Physialia Workshop on Generalized Linear Latent Variable Models","author":"Van der Veen","year":"2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-2-27-2005","article-title":"Seasonal cycling of phosphorus in the Southern Bight of the North Sea","volume":"2","author":"Van Der Zee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib99","series-title":"Ecosystem Effects of Large Upscaling of Offshore Wind on the North Sea \u2013 Synthesis Report","author":"Van Duren","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biaf092","article-title":"Financing marine restoration through offshore wind investments","volume":"75","author":"Van Sluis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152194","article-title":"Climate change effects on the ecophysiology and ecological functioning of an offshore wind farm artificial hard substrate community","volume":"810","author":"Voet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00397629","article-title":"The fluffy sea anemone Metridium senile in periodically oxygen depleted surroundings","volume":"81","author":"Wahl","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mar. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0485.2007.00193.x","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of epibenthos on artificial reefs: fouling communities in the early stages of colonization on an East Australian shipwreck","volume":"28","author":"Walker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025315400031775","article-title":"On the ecology of a dense bed of the brittle-star Ophiothrix fragilis","volume":"51","author":"Warner","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib105","series-title":"ggplot2","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3354\/meps181025","article-title":"Spatial distribution in sediment characteristics and benthic activity on the northwestern Black Sea shelf","volume":"181","author":"Wijsman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib107","series-title":"Benthic Suspension Feeders and Flow","article-title":"Benthic suspension feeders and flow","author":"Wildish","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3354\/meps297215","article-title":"Bioenergetics, growth and reproduction of amphipods are affected by moderately low oxygen regimes","volume":"297","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2007.07.012","article-title":"Spatial variability of epifaunal communities from artificial habitat: shipwrecks in the Southern Bight of the North Sea","volume":"76","author":"Zintzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast Shelf Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seares.2024.102522","article-title":"Life on every stone: characterizing benthic communities from scour protection layers of offshore wind farms in the southern North Sea","volume":"201","author":"Zupan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3390\/d15020288","article-title":"Long-term succession on offshore wind farms and the role of species interactions","volume":"15","author":"Zupan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diversity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810_bib113","series-title":"The World of zero-inflated Models. Volume 3: Using GLLVM","author":"Zuur","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030147972602270X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030147972602270X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:26:16Z","timestamp":1789604776000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030147972602270X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["S030147972602270X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Renewable energy caves: water replenishment holes in offshore monopiles create novel marine habitats","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130810","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"130810"}}