{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T07:44:57Z","timestamp":1791963897420,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42141007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42141007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42130514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42130514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002885","name":"China Meteorological Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMA2024ZD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMA2024ZD02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002885","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003345","name":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024Z001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024Z001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024YFF1308201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFF1308201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:50:53Z","timestamp":1790351453000},"page":"131020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Driving factors and spatial differentiation of soil organic carbon density in the Three-North Shelterbelt Engineering Region of China"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"418","author":[{"given":"Yating","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7851-3664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangsheng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihui","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinzhi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2022.106308","article-title":"Stability of soil organic carbon pools affected by land use and land cover changes in forests of eastern Himalayan region, India","volume":"215","author":"Ahirwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.130102","article-title":"Characteristics of soil organic carbon and its stability under different vegetation types and restoration years in Hongze lake wetland, China","volume":"410","author":"Bai","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-97712-x","article-title":"Soil organic carbon pools and carbon management index of the tropical moist deciduous forests in Indian Eastern Ghats","volume":"15","author":"Behera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib4","first-page":"195","article-title":"Effects of terracing on soil properties in three key mountainous regions of China","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geogr. Sustain."},{"issue":"7631","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20150","article-title":"Quantifying global soil carbon losses in response to warming","volume":"540","author":"Crowther","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib6","first-page":"8707","article-title":"Examination and prediction of long time precipitation series and multi-scaledvariation trend of precipitation in Three-North Shelterbelt forest program region","volume":"40","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib7","article-title":"MOD13A3 MODIS\/terra vegetation indices monthly L3 global 1km SIN grid V006 [Dataset]","author":"Didan","year":"2015","journal-title":"NASA EOSDIS Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2016.01.026","article-title":"Overgrazing decreases soil organic carbon stocks the most under dry climates and low soil pH: a meta-analysis shows","volume":"221","author":"Dlamini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwad033","article-title":"Ecological restoration for sustainable development in China","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154226","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of grassland aboveground biomass and its driving factors in North China over the past 20 years","volume":"826","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-017-0858-x","article-title":"Effects of vegetation restoration on soil organic carbon in China: a meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02557.x","article-title":"Effect of grazing on carbon stocks and assimilate partitioning in a Tibetan montane pasture revealed by 13CO2 pulse labeling","volume":"18","author":"Hafner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-02970-1","article-title":"Afforestation neutralizes soil pH","volume":"9","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2024JG008287","article-title":"Afforestation reduces deep soil carbon sequestration in semiarid regions: lessons from variations of soil water and carbon along afforestation stages in China's Loess Plateau","volume":"129","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2012.10.005","article-title":"Organic carbon stocks in agricultural soils in Ireland using combined empirical and GIS approaches","volume":"193-194","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"5677","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1097396","article-title":"Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security","volume":"304","author":"Lal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032980","article-title":"Climatic and anthropogenic controls of topsoil features in the semi-arid East Asian steppe","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9","article-title":"From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees","volume":"2","author":"Lundberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2012.04.013","article-title":"What is ecological engineering?","volume":"45","author":"Mitsch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2019.102993","article-title":"Carbon accrual in the Atacama Desert","volume":"181","author":"M\u00f6rchen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Planet. Change"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2009.02114.x","article-title":"Moisture and vegetation controls on decadal-scale accrual of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in restored grasslands","volume":"16","author":"O'Brien","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.05.003","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patterns of soil organic carbon and pH in relation to environmental factors\u2014A case study of the black soil Region of Northeastern China","volume":"245","author":"Ou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(12)60079-4","article-title":"Vegetation and topographic control on spatial variability of soil organic carbon","volume":"23","author":"Oueslati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-1931-2019","article-title":"1 km monthly temperature and precipitation dataset for China from 1901 to 2017","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.11.129","article-title":"Spatiotemporal change and trend analysis of potential evapotranspiration over the Loess Plateau of China during 2011\u20132100","volume":"233","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"issue":"7241","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07944","article-title":"The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China","volume":"458","author":"Piao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7061(01)00055-6","article-title":"A direct link between forest vegetation type and soil organic matter composition","volume":"104","author":"Quideau","year":"2001","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810601169899","article-title":"An evaluation of void filling interpolation methods for SRTM data","volume":"21","author":"Reuter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.07.011","article-title":"Soil carbon change and its affecting factors following afforestation in China","volume":"98","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.125760","article-title":"Terracing drives Chinese Loess Plateau toward carbon neutrality: spatiotemporal interaction between land use transitions and SOC storage","volume":"385","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib30","first-page":"1","article-title":"A dataset of soil organic carbon density of typical ecosystems in the arid areas of Northwest China from 2005 to2020","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"China Scientific Data"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4021","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1700291115","article-title":"Carbon pools in China's terrestrial ecosystems: new estimates based on an intensive field survey","volume":"115","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3649","article-title":"Stabilities of soil organic carbon and carbon cycling genes are higher in natural secondary forests than in artificial plantations in southern China","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109544","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of urban expansion on the habitat quality and constructing ecological security patterns: a case study of Jiziwan in the Yellow River Basin, China","volume":"145","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.157491","article-title":"Projections of land use change and habitat quality assessment by coupling climate change and development patterns","volume":"847","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2024EF004988","article-title":"Warmer climate reduces the carbon storage, stability and saturation levels in Forest soils","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Earths Future"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2007.01409.x","article-title":"Soil organic carbon stocks in China and changes from 1980s to 2000s","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib37","first-page":"2150","article-title":"Changes of soil organic carbon storage in Chinese terrestrial ecosystems from the 1980s to the 2010s","volume":"73","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geogr. Sin."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.5367","article-title":"How does the three-north shelterbelt engineering of China improve its habitat quality? A study of 40 years of change tracking and driving factors","volume":"36","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21868-z","article-title":"Prospective contributions of biomass pyrolysis to China's 2050 carbon reduction and renewable energy goals","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/s44221-024-00296-5","article-title":"Spatiotemporal inequality in land water availability amplified by global tree restoration","volume":"2","author":"Zan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Water"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib41","article-title":"Assessing the effects of China's three-north Shelter Forest Program over 40 years","volume":"857","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoinf.2024.102936","article-title":"Dynamic monitoring and drivers of ecological environmental quality in the Three-North region, China: insights based on remote sensing ecological index","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Inform."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JG004038","article-title":"Excessive afforestation and soil drying on China's Loess Plateau","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.109420","article-title":"Soil total and organic carbon mapping and uncertainty analysis using machine learning techniques","volume":"143","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecological Indicators"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-024-2705-4","article-title":"Assessing the ecological effects of the World's largest forestry Eco-engineering: three-north protective forest program within the initially scheduled range from 1978 to 2022","volume":"68","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.016","article-title":"Land use and climate change effects on soil organic carbon in North and Northeast China","volume":"647","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13717-023-00455-8","article-title":"A large carbon sink induced by the implementation of the largest afforestation program on Earth","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Process."}],"container-title":["Journal of Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479726024801?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301479726024801?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T06:49:24Z","timestamp":1791960564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301479726024801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["S0301479726024801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020","relation":{"is-supplemented-by":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.11922\/sciencedb.603","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["0301-4797"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4797","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Driving factors and spatial differentiation of soil organic carbon density in the Three-North Shelterbelt Engineering Region of China","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Environmental Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2026.131020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"131020"}}