{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:57:02Z","timestamp":1791489422704,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,1]],"date-time":"2010-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1264982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,21]],"date-time":"2009-11-21T11:42:10Z","timestamp":1258803730000},"page":"235-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase, antioxidant and phytochemical properties of medicinal plants used for pain-related ailments in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"O.A.","family":"Fawole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.O.","family":"Amoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.R.","family":"Ndhlala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.E.","family":"Light","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.F.","family":"Finnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Van Staden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1038\/35013070","article-title":"Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endo-toxin","volume":"405","author":"Borovikova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00773-0","article-title":"Effects of naturally occurring prenylated flavonoids on enzymes metabolizing arachidonic acid: cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases","volume":"62","author":"Chi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.11.015","article-title":"In vivo anti-inflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of Mediterranean dietary plants","volume":"116","author":"Confortia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2007.11.009","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase inhibition and antimycobacterial effects of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants","volume":"74","author":"Eldeen","year":"2008","journal-title":"South African Journal of Botany"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00433-7","article-title":"Alkaloids from Crinum moorei","volume":"56","author":"Elgorashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.57.4.454","article-title":"Prospects for pharmacological intervention in Alzheimer disease","volume":"57","author":"Emilien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.03.012","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and phytochemical properties of twelve medicinal plants used for treating gastro-intestinal ailments in South Africa","volume":"123","author":"Fawole","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(01)00747-X","article-title":"Dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase. A new avenue in anti-inflammatory therapy?","volume":"62","author":"Fiorucci","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biological Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2007.01.032","article-title":"Uses and abuses of in vitro tests in ethnopharmacology: visualizing an elephant","volume":"110","author":"Houghton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(03)00128-X","article-title":"Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function","volume":"75","author":"Howes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib12","series-title":"Zulu Medicinal Plants. An Inventory","author":"Hutchings","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2868","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2007.000-2457","article-title":"Inflammation: the foundation of diseases and disorders. A review of phytomedicines of South African origin used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions","volume":"6","author":"Iwalewa","year":"2007","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.3390\/12092130","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibition by flavonoids from Agrimonia pilosa","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200490902581","article-title":"Bioactive compounds isolated from Aloe ferox: a plant traditionally used for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections in the Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"42","author":"Kambizi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8094","DOI":"10.1021\/jf040150j","article-title":"Composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Xylopia aethiopica (Dun) A. Rich. (Annonaceae) leaves, stem bark, root bark, and fresh and dried fruits, growing in Ghana","volume":"52","author":"Karioti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s002840010287","article-title":"Production of a novel compound, 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from ricinoleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3","volume":"43","author":"Kuo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Current Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.02.033","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.09.093","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-tyrosinase activities of four Macaranga species","volume":"114","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib20","author":"Makkar","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2004.06.019","article-title":"Limonoids from Turraea floribunda (Meliaceae)","volume":"65","author":"McFarland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(199703)11:2<113::AID-PTR27>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitory activity in Zulu, Xhosa and Sotho medicinal plants","volume":"11","author":"McGaw","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(98)00441-5","article-title":"Limonoids from Turraea holstii and Turraea floribunda","volume":"49","author":"Mulholland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1021\/jf049474y","article-title":"New mosquito larvicidal tetranortriterpenoids from Turraea wakefieldii and Turraea floribunda","volume":"52","author":"Ndung\u2019u","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib25","series-title":"A Pharmacological Reference Guide to Sites of Action and Biological Effects","article-title":"Biochemical targets of plant bioactive compounds","author":"Polya","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)94533-3","article-title":"The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin","volume":"25","author":"Porter","year":"1985","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib27","series-title":"Pharmacology","author":"Rang","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00154-9","article-title":"Plants as source of drugs","volume":"39","author":"Rates","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837756","article-title":"Aloeresin I, an anti-inflammatory 5-methylchromone from Cape aloe","volume":"71","author":"Speranza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afl027","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease: anti-inflammatories in acetylcholine clothing!","volume":"35","author":"Tabet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Age and Ageing"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib31","series-title":"Peoples Plants","author":"van Wyk","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072627","article-title":"Free radicals in inflammation: second messengers and mediators of tissue destruction","volume":"49","author":"Winrow","year":"1993","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874109007223?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874109007223?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,24]],"date-time":"2019-05-24T00:22:31Z","timestamp":1558657351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874109007223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378874109007223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2009.11.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,2]]}}}