{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:26:11Z","timestamp":1789640771569,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,31]],"date-time":"2010-10-31T08:16:43Z","timestamp":1288513003000},"page":"663-674","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Plant composition, pharmacological properties and mutagenic evaluation of a commercial Zulu herbal mixture: Imbiza ephuzwato"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"A.R.","family":"Ndhlala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.F.","family":"Finnie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Van Staden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4168","DOI":"10.1021\/jf001494m","article-title":"Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two Origanum species","volume":"40","author":"Aligiannis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.01.008","article-title":"The anti-mutagenic and antioxidant effects of bile pigments in the Ames Salmonella test","volume":"629","author":"Bulmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2003.10.012","article-title":"Herbal mixtures in the traditional medicine of Eastern Cuba","volume":"90","author":"Cano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0020","series-title":"Evaluation of Enzyme Inhibitors in Drug Discovery: A Guide for Medicinal Chemists and Pharmacologists","author":"Copeland","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(00)00433-7","article-title":"Alkaloids from Crinum moorei","volume":"56","author":"Elgorashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colourimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-957563","article-title":"A sensitive and quick microplate method to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of plant extracts for bacteria","volume":"64","author":"Eloff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0040","first-page":"63","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology and future drug development: the North American experience","volume":"16","author":"Farnsworth","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.06.001","article-title":"Trends in ethnopharmacology","volume":"100","author":"Gilani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0050","series-title":"Zulu Medicinal Plants: An Inventory","author":"Hutchings","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.07.001","article-title":"In vitro tests and ethnopharmacological investigations: wound healing as an example","volume":"100","author":"Houghton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(96)01395-5","article-title":"Screening of Zulu medicinal plants for prostaglandins-synthesis inhibitors","volume":"52","author":"J\u00e4ger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.11.040","article-title":"SKI306X, an oriental herbal mixture, suppresses gastric leukotriene B4 synthesis without causing mucosal injury and the diclofenac-induced gastric lesions","volume":"77","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2007.03.003","article-title":"Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and mutagenic effects of some medicinal plants used in South Africa for treatment of wounds and retained placenta in livestock","volume":"73","author":"Luseba","year":"2007","journal-title":"South African Journal of Botany"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(83)90010-9","article-title":"Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test","volume":"113","author":"Maron","year":"1983","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2006.09.010","article-title":"The antifungal activity of twenty-four southern Africa Combretum species (Combretaceae)","volume":"73","author":"Masoko","year":"2007","journal-title":"South African Journal of Botany"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(199703)11:2<113::AID-PTR27>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitory activity in Zulu, Xhosa and Sotho medicinal plants","volume":"11","author":"McGaw","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(00)00064-6","article-title":"The Ames Salmonella\/microsome mutagenicity assay","volume":"455","author":"Mortelmans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mutation Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.03.130","article-title":"Phenolic composition, antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of Sclerocarya birrea and Harpephyllum caffrum (Anacardiaceae) extracts","volume":"123","author":"Moyo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0100","unstructured":"National Red List of South African Plants. International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Categories and Criteria version 3.1 SANBI 2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2009.09.010","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxic and mutagenic evaluation of thirteen commercial herbal mixtures sold in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa","volume":"76","author":"Ndhlala","year":"2010","journal-title":"South African Journal of Botany"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.12.017","article-title":"In vitro pharmacological effects of manufactured herbal concoctions used in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa","volume":"122","author":"Ndhlala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0115","series-title":"African Ethnobotany: Poisons and Drugs: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology","author":"Neuwinger","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0120","series-title":"A Field Guide to Wild Flowers of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Region","author":"Pooley","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0125","series-title":"The Herbalist Handbook: African flora, Medicinal Plants","author":"Pujol","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(96)01515-2","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes","volume":"56","author":"Rabe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(00)00154-9","article-title":"Plants as source of drugs","volume":"39","author":"Rates","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.10.021","article-title":"Effect of storage on the chemical composition and biological activity of several popular South African medicinal plants","volume":"97","author":"Stafford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00205-7","article-title":"COX-1 inhibitory activity in extracts from Eucomis L\u2019Herit. species","volume":"75","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2008.05.038","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of South African medicinal plants","volume":"119","author":"Van Vuuren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0155","series-title":"Medicinal Plants of South Africa","author":"Van Wyk","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0165","series-title":"Plant-Derived Antimycotics: Current Trends and Future Prospects","article-title":"The need for new antifungal drugs: screening for antifungal compounds with selective mode of action with emphasis on inhibitors of the fungal cell wall","author":"Zacchino","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(00)00183-5","article-title":"Cryptocarya species-substitute plants for Ocotea bullata?. A pharmacological investigation in terms of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 inhibitions","volume":"71","author":"Zschocke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874110007634?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874110007634?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T04:31:23Z","timestamp":1544157083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874110007634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378874110007634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.053","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}}}