{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:18:16Z","timestamp":1792189096069,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,4]],"date-time":"2014-06-04T16:03:44Z","timestamp":1401897824000},"page":"443-449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The pharmacology of medieval sedatives: The \u201cGreat Rest\u201d of the Antidotarium Nicolai"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"155","author":[{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Everett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martino","family":"Gabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.085","article-title":"Some phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): a review of recent research","volume":"46","author":"Ali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1993.tb03780.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Related Pharmacodynamics of Anticholinergic Drugs","volume":"37","author":"Ali-Melkkil\u00e4","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib2","first-page":"65","article-title":"Determination of Hyoscyamine and Scopolamine in Four Hyoscyamus Species from Iran","volume":"8","author":"Bahmanzadegan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib4","series-title":"Pharmacie et m\u00e9dicament en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e occidentale (XIIIe- XVe si\u00e8cles)","author":"B\u00e9n\u00e9zet","year":"1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197601030-00004","article-title":"The relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological activity: morphine, methadone and naloxone","volume":"1","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib6","unstructured":"Bergmann, A. 2003. Sextarius apud arabes\u2019 quid? Beitrag zur lateinischen Lexikographie der mittelalterlichen Heilkunde\u201d, in Rosarium litterarum. Beitr\u00e4ge zur Pharmazie- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Festschrift f\u00fcr Peter Dilg zum 65. Geburtstag. Eschborn. pp. 49\u201365"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib7","unstructured":"Bergmann, A. 2008. Pondera Medicinalia Mediaevalia. Der Tractatus de ponderibus des Mondino de\u2019 Liuzzi und andere metrologische Kleintexte des lateinischen Mittelalters, redaktions- und textkritisch sowie metrologiehistorisch und lexikographisch bearbeitet. Philipps-Universit\u00e4t Marburg: Archivserver der Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek. \u3008http:\/\/archiv.ub.unimarburg.de\/es\/2008\/0003\/pdf\/abpond11.pdf\u3009"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib8","first-page":"71","article-title":"Middle English Antidotarium Nicholai: Evidence for LinguisticDistribution and Dissemination in the Vernacular","volume":"5","author":"Carrillo Linares","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of English Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1984.tb16235.x","article-title":"A comparison of analgesia and suppression of oxytocin release by opiates","volume":"83","author":"Clarke","year":"1984","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(98)00094-3","article-title":"Peak plasma concentrations after oral morphine: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Pain and Symptom Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S6732","article-title":"Anticholinergic syndrome following an unintentional overdose of scopolamine","volume":"5","author":"Corallo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib14","series-title":"Prime Ayurvedic Plant Drugs","author":"Dev","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)23158-5","article-title":"Comparison of central nervous system and peripheral pharmacodynamics to atropine pharmacokinetics","volume":"255","author":"Ellinwood","year":"1990","journal-title":"The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib16","series-title":"The Alphabet of Galen. Pharmacy from Antiquity to the Middle Ages","author":"Everett","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2004.11.005","article-title":"Morphine responses and experimental pain: sex differences in side effects and cardiovascular responses but not analgesia","volume":"6","author":"Fillingim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib18","unstructured":"Fontanella, L., 2000 Un volgarizzamento tardo duecentesco fiorentino dell'Antidotarium Nicolai. Ed. dell'Orso, Alessandria"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib19","first-page":"544","article-title":"Killing the symptom without killing the patient","volume":"56","author":"Gallagher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Canadian Family Physician"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/074873001129002114","article-title":"Tertian and quartan fevers: temporal regulation in malarial infection","volume":"16","author":"Garcia","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Rhythms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib22","unstructured":"Goltz, D. 1976. Mittelalterliche Pharmazie und Medizin. Dargestellt an Geschichte und Inhalt des Antidotarium Nicolai. Mit einem Nachdruck der Druckfassung von 1471. Stuttgart."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1039\/c3fo30337c","article-title":"A review of the gastroprotective effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)","volume":"4","author":"Haniadka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food and Function"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib23","first-page":"717","article-title":"Antidiebetic drugs used in Europe prior to the discovery of insulin","volume":"62","author":"Helmst\u00e4dter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9236(03)00168-1","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of the CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and MDR-1 genes and pharmacokinetics of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus","volume":"74","author":"Hesselink","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(89)90316-X","article-title":"Dose-dependent effects of atropine on behavioral and physiologic responses in humans","volume":"34","author":"Higgins","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1989.tb05399.x","article-title":"The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of morphine after intravenous, oral and buccal administration in healthy volunteers","volume":"27","author":"Hoskin","year":"1989","journal-title":"British Journal of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1985.tb01269.x","article-title":"Antagonism of Physostigmine induced lethality by a combination of scopolamine and methscopolamine","volume":"56","author":"Janowsky","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib29","series-title":"Hippocrates","author":"Jouanna","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00315417","article-title":"The effect of exercise on atropine pharmacokinetics","volume":"39","author":"Kamimori","year":"1990","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1981.tb01613.x","article-title":"Placental transfer and pharmacokinetics of atropine after a single maternal intravenous and intramuscular administration","volume":"25","author":"Kanto","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.1998.tb04924.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of intramuscular scopolamine plus morphine. A comparison of two injection sites","volume":"42","author":"Kentala","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03189337","article-title":"Comparative bioavailability study of codeine and ibuprofen after administration of the two products alone or in association to 24 healthy volunteers","volume":"23","author":"Laneury","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(02)00343-2","article-title":"Fatal versus non-fatal heroin \u2018overdose\u2019: blood morphine concentrations with fatal outcome in comparison to those of intoxicated drivers","volume":"130","author":"Meissner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forensic Science International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018061","article-title":"Dose Effects of Triazolam and Scopolamine on Metamemory","volume":"18","author":"Mintzer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Experimental & Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01888546","article-title":"Comparison of l-hyoscyamine, glucagon, and placebo for air-contrast upper gastrointestinal series","volume":"17","author":"Moeller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Radiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)29671-3","article-title":"Scopolamine bioavailability in combined oral and transdermal delivery","volume":"296","author":"Nachum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200645060-00001","article-title":"Transdermal scopolamine for prevention of motion sickness: clinical pharmacokinetics and therapeutic applications","volume":"45","author":"Nachum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib40","first-page":"171","article-title":"History of opium poppy and morphine","volume":"33","author":"Norn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dan Medicinhist Arbog"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1124\/mi.6.2.1","article-title":"The pharmacology of Mithridatium. A 2000 year old remedy","volume":"6","author":"Norton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Molecular Interventions."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib42","series-title":"Ancient Medicine","author":"Nutton","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/89.5.697","article-title":"Is morphine\u2010induced sedation synonymous with analgesia during intravenous morphine titration?","volume":"89","author":"Paqueron","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib44","series-title":"Edizione Nazionale \u2018La scuola medica salernitana\u2019","first-page":"1","article-title":"La Scuola medica salernitana. Gli autori e i testi","author":"Paravicini Bagliani","year":"2008"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(12)60054-1","article-title":"Natural medicines from plant source used for therapy of diabetes mellitus: An overview of its pharmacological aspects","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib47","first-page":"751","article-title":"The mandrake root and the Viennese Dioscorides","volume":"67","author":"Peduto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050200","article-title":"Codeine and morphine in extensive and poor metabolizers of sparteine: pharmacokinetics, analgesic effect and side effects","volume":"51","author":"Poulsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015916423156","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of scopolamine in normal subjects","volume":"6","author":"Putcha","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib50","series-title":"The Evolution of Drug Discovery","author":"Ravi\u00f1a","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200890166","article-title":"Science in drug control: the alkaloid content of afghan opium","volume":"5","author":"Remberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemistry & Biodiversity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ftd.0000168293.48226.57","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in clinical use of scopolamine","volume":"27","author":"Renner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib53","first-page":"324","article-title":"Kidney and urinary therapeutics in early medieval monastic medicine","volume":"17","author":"Riddle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Nephrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib55","first-page":"73","article-title":"Studien zum Antidotarium Nicolai anhand der \u00e4ltesten Handschriften","volume":"21","author":"Roberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"W\u00fcrzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib56","series-title":"Gesund und krank im Mittelalter. Marburger Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kulturgeschichte der Medizin","first-page":"251","article-title":"Das Antidotarium Nicolai \u2018und der\u2019 Liber Antidotarius magnus","author":"Roberg","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Text- und redaktionskritische Probleme bei der Edition von Texten des Gebrauchsschrifttums am Beispiel des Antidotarium Nicolai (12. Jahrhundert): Einige Beobachtungen, mit einem Editionsanhang,","volume":"42","author":"Roberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib58","series-title":"Terapie e guarigioni. Collana Edizione Nazionale La Scuola Medica Salernitana 06","article-title":"Nochmals zur Edition des Antidotarium Nicolai","author":"Roberg","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib59","series-title":"Die Medizinalordnung Friedrichs II.: eine pharmaziehistorische Studie Ver\u00f6ffentlichungen der Internationalen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Geschichte der Pharmazie. N.F","first-page":"12","author":"Sappert","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib60","unstructured":"Schmitz, R. 1998. Geschichte der Pharmazie. Govi Verlag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib207","series-title":"The Powerful Placebo. From Ancient Priest to Modern Physician","author":"Shapiro","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib62","series-title":"Kremers and Urdang\u2019s History of Pharmacy","author":"Sonnedeker","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib208","series-title":"Drug Discovery. A History","author":"Sneader","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib63","first-page":"49","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics of morphine and morphine glucuronide metabolites after subcutaneous bolus injection and subcutaneous infusion of morphine","volume":"3","author":"Stuart-Harris","year":"2000","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib64","series-title":"Eene Middelnederlandische Vertaling van het Antidotarium Nicolai","author":"Van den Berg","year":"1917"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1986.tb04494.x","article-title":"The metabolism of atropine in man","volume":"28","author":"Van Der Meer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2011.01506.x","article-title":"Enhancing the scopolamine production in transgenic plants of atropa belladonna by overexpressing pmt and h6h genes.\u201d","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiologia Plantarum"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.09.031","article-title":"Antimicrobial assays of three native British plants used in Anglo-Saxon medicine for wound healing formulations in 10th century England","volume":"144","author":"Watkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1078\/0944-7113-00060","article-title":"Synergy and other interactions in phytomedicines","volume":"8","author":"Williamson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.16.070196.002123","article-title":"Effects of Food on Drug Absorption","volume":"16","author":"Welling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annual Review of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.10.010","article-title":"Synergy effects of herb extracts: pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics basis","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitotherapia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Ethnopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874114004176?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378874114004176?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T06:54:10Z","timestamp":1746255250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378874114004176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378874114004176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8741"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8741","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The pharmacology of medieval sedatives: The \u201cGreat Rest\u201d of the Antidotarium Nicolai","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Ethnopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2014.05.048","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}